Mosquito-borne diseases(MBDs),like malaria and mosquito-borne viruses(MBVs),have caused the deaths of millions of people.Their threat resides in the variety of transmission modes that they possess,along with the wide ...Mosquito-borne diseases(MBDs),like malaria and mosquito-borne viruses(MBVs),have caused the deaths of millions of people.Their threat resides in the variety of transmission modes that they possess,along with the wide selection of favorable hosts,such as humans,cattle,and rodents.MBDs are increasingly gaining a reputation as one of the most dangerous threats to public health in recent years.Mosquito numbers have been increasing in recent years as a result of multiple factors such as climate change and deforestation.This situation highlights the urgent need for actions to mitigate mosquito and MBD pathogen distributions.In the Middle East,many outbreaks of MBDs have been reported in the region.However,there are no reports of any endemic episodes of MBDs.The Middle East has faced many challenges over the years;however,the Syrian refugee crisis may be strongly related to the spread of infectious diseases.As mass gatherings and high-density populations are common features in the region,it is possible to understand why MBDs can spread easily.This review summarizes the state of MBDs in the Middle East,highlighting the different types of MBDs that have been reported in the region and discussing how to move forward with controlling their spread and limiting the risks they pose.According to the data reported by the electronic State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool(e-SPAR),the capacity to anticipate MBVs varies among Middle East countries.Therefore,the Middle East is on the frontline in the challenge to control a potential public health crisis.Consequently,the countries of the Middle East should be encouraged to improve their health and research capacities to mitigate the threat posed by MBDs.展开更多
Biotechnology became a paradigm-shifting science among all subfields of biology.The benefits of biotechnology have reached many practical fields,whether human health,animal,and/or agricultural.However,wherever there i...Biotechnology became a paradigm-shifting science among all subfields of biology.The benefits of biotechnology have reached many practical fields,whether human health,animal,and/or agricultural.However,wherever there is a biotechnology practice,there is an associated biohazard with it,and its negative impact may reach all living entities including humans.Therefore,the cooperation of the leading institutions in this field has culminated in creating the concepts and applications of biosafety and biosecurity.The countries of the Middle East are considered biotechnology-practicing and have shown a clear acceptance to this field.But unfortunately,the Middle East region is one that is facing the most multichallenges,which would constitute real and noticeable concern at the local and international levels.Such challenges represented by wars and armed conflicts,deteriorating economic conditions,the large number of refugees,and the spread of many epidemics.Thus,limiting the region’s ability to deal with the surrounding biological hazards and struggling the way to the one health concept.Therefore,this article aims to shed light on the activities of the Middle East countries in the field of biotechnology and to address potential biological threats,whether natural such as the spread of viruses,or intentional such as biological attacks and bioterrorism.The article also shows the capacity of the countries of the region in the field of biosafety and biosecurity based on available information.Accordingly,some countries are lacking the required level of preparedness to face potential biological threats.Multi-institutional and international cooperation between the concerned countries will significantly enhance the capacity of the region in biosafety and biosecurity to meet the level of biological risk.Search methodology:wide range of related keywords(based on the section)combined with the name of the region,or one country individually have been searched using available search engines and databases such as google scholar and PubMed.After scanning the content of the found results,irrelevant articles have been excluded.Figures 2,3,4,6,and 7 were created by biorender.com.展开更多
Background:The One Health concept(OHC)seeks to improve the health of plants,animals,and humans because improving animal and plant health will increase the capacity for improving human health.Many risks such as plant a...Background:The One Health concept(OHC)seeks to improve the health of plants,animals,and humans because improving animal and plant health will increase the capacity for improving human health.Many risks such as plant and animal biotechnology applications have the potential to generate new diseases that can be transmitted to humans.In this way,the health of humans,animals,and plants is interrelated and depends on one another.However,it has been difficult to apply the OHC in some countries,such as those in the Middle East.The absence of financial support in the region is a major hindrance to applying this concept in the region.The application of the OHC requires the support of specialists who can advocate the government for support in launching OHC-related projects.Here,we discuss the OHC in the context of antimicrobial resistance,zoonotic diseases,and biosafety/biosecurity,which are important public health issues.Furthermore,we describe the current status of the OHC in the Middle East and recent research conducted related to this concept.There has been recent international solidarity in the application of the OHC to reduce risks that threaten the health of organisms.Several countries jointly launched the Global Health Security Agenda in 2014 with the aim of realizing a world that is free of infectious disease-related health risks.However,no previous review articles have examined the applications of the OHC in the Middle East region.This article discusses the OHC in terms of its needs and current applications in the Middle East.Methodology:The following keywords were used in the search:“One Health,”“Middle East,”“medicinal plants,”“viruses,”“rabies,”“MERS,”and“antimicrobial resistance.”Related papers were obtained by searching for these keywords using available search engines,such as PubMed,Google Scholar,and Google search,as well as international organization websites.Conclusion:The concept of One Health is relatively new and has not been applied in most countries,possibly because the value of this concept for improving human health is not well understood.The key principle defining this concept and its importance is the interdependency of plants,animals,and human health.By applying the OHC,humans can benefit from healthy plants and animals by enhancing their growing conditions,medications,and environments.This would in turn improve general human health by allowing the safe extraction of therapeutics and food resources.展开更多
文摘Mosquito-borne diseases(MBDs),like malaria and mosquito-borne viruses(MBVs),have caused the deaths of millions of people.Their threat resides in the variety of transmission modes that they possess,along with the wide selection of favorable hosts,such as humans,cattle,and rodents.MBDs are increasingly gaining a reputation as one of the most dangerous threats to public health in recent years.Mosquito numbers have been increasing in recent years as a result of multiple factors such as climate change and deforestation.This situation highlights the urgent need for actions to mitigate mosquito and MBD pathogen distributions.In the Middle East,many outbreaks of MBDs have been reported in the region.However,there are no reports of any endemic episodes of MBDs.The Middle East has faced many challenges over the years;however,the Syrian refugee crisis may be strongly related to the spread of infectious diseases.As mass gatherings and high-density populations are common features in the region,it is possible to understand why MBDs can spread easily.This review summarizes the state of MBDs in the Middle East,highlighting the different types of MBDs that have been reported in the region and discussing how to move forward with controlling their spread and limiting the risks they pose.According to the data reported by the electronic State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool(e-SPAR),the capacity to anticipate MBVs varies among Middle East countries.Therefore,the Middle East is on the frontline in the challenge to control a potential public health crisis.Consequently,the countries of the Middle East should be encouraged to improve their health and research capacities to mitigate the threat posed by MBDs.
文摘Biotechnology became a paradigm-shifting science among all subfields of biology.The benefits of biotechnology have reached many practical fields,whether human health,animal,and/or agricultural.However,wherever there is a biotechnology practice,there is an associated biohazard with it,and its negative impact may reach all living entities including humans.Therefore,the cooperation of the leading institutions in this field has culminated in creating the concepts and applications of biosafety and biosecurity.The countries of the Middle East are considered biotechnology-practicing and have shown a clear acceptance to this field.But unfortunately,the Middle East region is one that is facing the most multichallenges,which would constitute real and noticeable concern at the local and international levels.Such challenges represented by wars and armed conflicts,deteriorating economic conditions,the large number of refugees,and the spread of many epidemics.Thus,limiting the region’s ability to deal with the surrounding biological hazards and struggling the way to the one health concept.Therefore,this article aims to shed light on the activities of the Middle East countries in the field of biotechnology and to address potential biological threats,whether natural such as the spread of viruses,or intentional such as biological attacks and bioterrorism.The article also shows the capacity of the countries of the region in the field of biosafety and biosecurity based on available information.Accordingly,some countries are lacking the required level of preparedness to face potential biological threats.Multi-institutional and international cooperation between the concerned countries will significantly enhance the capacity of the region in biosafety and biosecurity to meet the level of biological risk.Search methodology:wide range of related keywords(based on the section)combined with the name of the region,or one country individually have been searched using available search engines and databases such as google scholar and PubMed.After scanning the content of the found results,irrelevant articles have been excluded.Figures 2,3,4,6,and 7 were created by biorender.com.
文摘Background:The One Health concept(OHC)seeks to improve the health of plants,animals,and humans because improving animal and plant health will increase the capacity for improving human health.Many risks such as plant and animal biotechnology applications have the potential to generate new diseases that can be transmitted to humans.In this way,the health of humans,animals,and plants is interrelated and depends on one another.However,it has been difficult to apply the OHC in some countries,such as those in the Middle East.The absence of financial support in the region is a major hindrance to applying this concept in the region.The application of the OHC requires the support of specialists who can advocate the government for support in launching OHC-related projects.Here,we discuss the OHC in the context of antimicrobial resistance,zoonotic diseases,and biosafety/biosecurity,which are important public health issues.Furthermore,we describe the current status of the OHC in the Middle East and recent research conducted related to this concept.There has been recent international solidarity in the application of the OHC to reduce risks that threaten the health of organisms.Several countries jointly launched the Global Health Security Agenda in 2014 with the aim of realizing a world that is free of infectious disease-related health risks.However,no previous review articles have examined the applications of the OHC in the Middle East region.This article discusses the OHC in terms of its needs and current applications in the Middle East.Methodology:The following keywords were used in the search:“One Health,”“Middle East,”“medicinal plants,”“viruses,”“rabies,”“MERS,”and“antimicrobial resistance.”Related papers were obtained by searching for these keywords using available search engines,such as PubMed,Google Scholar,and Google search,as well as international organization websites.Conclusion:The concept of One Health is relatively new and has not been applied in most countries,possibly because the value of this concept for improving human health is not well understood.The key principle defining this concept and its importance is the interdependency of plants,animals,and human health.By applying the OHC,humans can benefit from healthy plants and animals by enhancing their growing conditions,medications,and environments.This would in turn improve general human health by allowing the safe extraction of therapeutics and food resources.
