1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average ann...1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average annual increase of 3.12%.In early 2020,the world fleet contained 98140 ships of 100 gross tonnes and above with 2.06 million dead weight tonnage of capacity[1].The greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from shipping activities are not negligible.According to the fourth GHG study commissioned by the International Maritime Organization(IMO),in 2018,global shipping emitted a total of 1056 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),accounting for around 2.89%of global anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions[2].Due to the international nature of shipping,efforts to control CO_(2) emissions from ships are absent from the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.In an attempt to phase out carbon emissions from shipping entirely,the IMO formulated a strategy to cut the total annual GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50%from their 2008 levels by 2050[3];however,no mandatory rules have been promulgated since the release of this strategy.展开更多
There exist severe metal pollutions along the Jiulongjiang estuary in South China. In order to unravel the biological eff ects caused by metal pollutions, proteomic responses were investigated by two-dimensional elect...There exist severe metal pollutions along the Jiulongjiang estuary in South China. In order to unravel the biological eff ects caused by metal pollutions, proteomic responses were investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics in oysters Crassostrea sikamea from metal pollution sites, Jinshan (JS) and Baijiao (BJ), and a relatively clean site, Jiuzhen (JZ), along the Jiulongjiang estuary. Results indicated that metal pollutions mainly induced cellular injuries, oxidative and immune stresses, and disturbed ion homeostasis in oysters C . sikamea from both JS and BJ sites via diff erential pathways. Furthermore, metal pollution enhanced transcriptional initiation in oysters from JS site. In addition, the Cu and Fe pollution might be indicated by the 78 kDa glucose regulated protein and ferritin GF1 in oysters C . sikamea , respectively. The study confirms that proteomics is a promising approach to characterize the underlying mechanisms of responses to metal pollution in oysters.展开更多
为了开发高效的太阳能冷却技术,建立了一个由光伏(photovoltaic,PV)模块和基于范德华异质结构(van der Waals heterostructure,vdWH)的热离子制冷器(thermionic refrigerator,TIR)组成的新型耦合系统。在充分考虑内部和外部的不可逆因...为了开发高效的太阳能冷却技术,建立了一个由光伏(photovoltaic,PV)模块和基于范德华异质结构(van der Waals heterostructure,vdWH)的热离子制冷器(thermionic refrigerator,TIR)组成的新型耦合系统。在充分考虑内部和外部的不可逆因素的情况下,建立了耦合系统的理论模型,推导了关键性能指标的数学表达式。在此基础上,研究了耦合系统的一般性能特征,并确定了允许系统运行的电压区域。根据计算,最大制冷量和最大性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)分别为75.88 W和0.49。此外,还进行了灵敏度分析,以得出关键参数对整体性能影响的规律和大小,包括太阳辐照度、有效肖特基势垒高度、层间热阻、外部热阻、热泄漏热阻和热库温度。所得结果可能有助于实际耦合系统的设计和运行。展开更多
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071173,71831008,and 72025103).
文摘1.Introduction Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade.The amount of total international maritime trade in million tonnes loaded was 8408 in 2012 and had increased to 11076 by 2019,for an average annual increase of 3.12%.In early 2020,the world fleet contained 98140 ships of 100 gross tonnes and above with 2.06 million dead weight tonnage of capacity[1].The greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from shipping activities are not negligible.According to the fourth GHG study commissioned by the International Maritime Organization(IMO),in 2018,global shipping emitted a total of 1056 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),accounting for around 2.89%of global anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions[2].Due to the international nature of shipping,efforts to control CO_(2) emissions from ships are absent from the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.In an attempt to phase out carbon emissions from shipping entirely,the IMO formulated a strategy to cut the total annual GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50%from their 2008 levels by 2050[3];however,no mandatory rules have been promulgated since the release of this strategy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41676114,21237004,41506138)the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.QNLM201701)the “Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS”(No.2015169)
文摘There exist severe metal pollutions along the Jiulongjiang estuary in South China. In order to unravel the biological eff ects caused by metal pollutions, proteomic responses were investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics in oysters Crassostrea sikamea from metal pollution sites, Jinshan (JS) and Baijiao (BJ), and a relatively clean site, Jiuzhen (JZ), along the Jiulongjiang estuary. Results indicated that metal pollutions mainly induced cellular injuries, oxidative and immune stresses, and disturbed ion homeostasis in oysters C . sikamea from both JS and BJ sites via diff erential pathways. Furthermore, metal pollution enhanced transcriptional initiation in oysters from JS site. In addition, the Cu and Fe pollution might be indicated by the 78 kDa glucose regulated protein and ferritin GF1 in oysters C . sikamea , respectively. The study confirms that proteomics is a promising approach to characterize the underlying mechanisms of responses to metal pollution in oysters.
文摘为了开发高效的太阳能冷却技术,建立了一个由光伏(photovoltaic,PV)模块和基于范德华异质结构(van der Waals heterostructure,vdWH)的热离子制冷器(thermionic refrigerator,TIR)组成的新型耦合系统。在充分考虑内部和外部的不可逆因素的情况下,建立了耦合系统的理论模型,推导了关键性能指标的数学表达式。在此基础上,研究了耦合系统的一般性能特征,并确定了允许系统运行的电压区域。根据计算,最大制冷量和最大性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)分别为75.88 W和0.49。此外,还进行了灵敏度分析,以得出关键参数对整体性能影响的规律和大小,包括太阳辐照度、有效肖特基势垒高度、层间热阻、外部热阻、热泄漏热阻和热库温度。所得结果可能有助于实际耦合系统的设计和运行。
