A total of 168 macro-zooplankton samples from 42 stations in the central South China Sea （12° ～20° N, 111°～118°E, an area of about 64 × 10^4 km^2 ） were collected in September 1983 （autum...A total of 168 macro-zooplankton samples from 42 stations in the central South China Sea （12° ～20° N, 111°～118°E, an area of about 64 × 10^4 km^2 ） were collected in September 1983 （autumn） , April 1984 （spring） , August 1984 （summer） and December 1984 （winter）. Twenty-three species and subspecies of tunicates were found, of which Thalia democratica complex （including T. d. orientalis and T. d. echinata） and Doliolum denticulatum were the dominant species, and accounted for 95.7% , 90. 0%, 91.8% and 90. 5% of the total tunicates found in autumn, winter, spring and summer, respectively. The highest abundance （with a mean of 2.37 ind./m^3 ） occurred in autumn. There are strong correlations between the abundances of the tunicates and those of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration. However, tunicates also aggregate in areas with low primary production in the autumn survey, probably due to the water circulation pattern.展开更多
The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations （depths rang- ing 46 to 52 m） and five deep sea stations （depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m） during the 4th Chinese N...The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations （depths rang- ing 46 to 52 m） and five deep sea stations （depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m） during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2010. The results showed that abundance of meiofauna was higher in shallow water sediments （average of 2445 ind./（10 cm2）） than in deep sea sediments （407.06 ind./（10 cm2））. A UNIANOVA test for difference between the two different regions was highly significant （F=10h 15, p〈0.Ol）. Nematodes were numerically dominant, representing （96.6±4.6）% of the total meiofaunal abundance at the shallow water stations and （98.90±1.42）% at deep sea stations. The number of higher taxonomic groups and abundance of meiofauna were higher at Stas CC1, CC4, and R06 near the Bering Strait and the continent, than at the rest of the shallow water and deep sea stations. The primary factors causing the differences were concentrations of nutrients P and Si of bottom seawater （R=0.831, p〈0.003）, followed by depth （R=-0.655, p〈0.05） and sand fractions of sediments （R=0.632, p 〈0.05）. The numbers of meiofauna on the 65 lam and 32 llm sieves were significantly higher than those on the rest of the screens. Differences in numbers of meiofauna retained on screens with different mesh openings were highly significant among all sampling stations （F=31.60, p〈0.01）. The highest numbers of individuals on screens with 32 μm mesh openings were found at deep sea stations. The number of meiofauna in the top 6-1, 1-2, and 2-4 cm segments constituted 84.4% of the total and was significantly higher than those in the bottom 4-6 and 6-10 cm segments （F=15, p〈0.01）.展开更多
The growth and interspecies competition of two red tide algal species Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal and Gymnodinium sp. were studied under different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and the ...The growth and interspecies competition of two red tide algal species Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal and Gymnodinium sp. were studied under different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and the algal hatch culture experiments were conducted. The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured periodically, including the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate, average double time and chlorophyll a concentration. The results showed that when the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 16： 1, the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate and chlorophyll a concentration of Thalassiosira pseudonana all reached the highest,and average double time was the shortest. This implied that the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Thalassiosira pseudonana is 16： 1. When the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 6：1, the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate and the chlorophyll a concentration of Gymnodinium sp. reached the highest, and average double time was the shortest, so the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Gymnodinium sp. is 6： 1. From the growth curves as indicated both in the cell density and the chlorophyll a concentration, it is suggested that the influence of concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus on the chlorophyll a concentration and the cell density are almost the same. Different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus had weak influence on community succession and the competition between the two algae. Gymnodinium sp. may use the phosphorus in vivo for growth, so it is important to pay attention to the concealment of phosphorus, in order to avoid the outbreak of red tide. On the basis of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus and the ratio of their concentration, the possible outbreak mechanism of red tide of the two algae was also discussed.展开更多
The Arctic is one of the most sensitive regions that respond through feedback to global climate changes. Climatic, hydrological and ecological changes in the Arctic are clear evidence of global warming. In 2012 and 20...The Arctic is one of the most sensitive regions that respond through feedback to global climate changes. Climatic, hydrological and ecological changes in the Arctic are clear evidence of global warming. In 2012 and 2014, the 5th and 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions undertook studies in the Bering Sea, the Arctic Ocean （including the Chukchi Sea）, and the Norwegian Sea. These studies provided us with a better understanding of the marine biology and ecology in the Arctic and subarctic regions, particularly in the Pacific Arctic sector. Rapid changes observed in the Arctic environment include the shrinking of cold-water masses in the Bering Sea in the summer, and elevated water temperatures promoting phytoplankton blooms, leading to an increase in phytoplankton transferred to higher trophic levels. As a result, the transfer efficiency of organic matter toward the bottom weakened, leading to a reduction in benthic biomass. This is consistent with expectations that the overall carbon and energy flux will ultimately switch from the dominant mode of sea ice-algae-benthos to one of phytoplankton-zooplankton. Influenced by Pacific water inflow, fluvial runoff and melting sea ice, the Chukchi Sea exhibited different responses to various environmental changes. Interactions between water masses led to other interannual ecological shifts. With the increase in sea ice melt and sunlight in the central region of the Arctic Ocean, the relative abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is expected to increase, and play a vital role in the Arctic microbial loop.展开更多
The Gross growth efficiency （GGE） is defined as the amount of consumer carbon produced relative to the amount of prey ingested in a given time interval. In population ecology, it can be considered as an index for th...The Gross growth efficiency （GGE） is defined as the amount of consumer carbon produced relative to the amount of prey ingested in a given time interval. In population ecology, it can be considered as an index for the ability of a consumer to convert the biomass of food into its population production. In this study, it was firstly applied to estimate the role of amphipods grazing in the biomass dynamics of macroalgae （Ulva lactuca） in Yundang Lagoon （a subtropical eutrophic coastal lagoon, Xiamen City, China）. It was found that amphipods were the dominant group （82.2%-98.7%） in the benthic assemblage, in which five amphipod species （Corophium uenoi, Ampithoe valida, Grandidierella japonica, Grammaropsis laevipalmata andCa-prella panantis） were observed in the lagoon. However, onlyA. valida significantly consumedU. lactuca among these amphipod species. A series of experiments were conducted to estimate the consumption of U. lactuca byA. valida. It was suggested that the monthly secondary production （P） ofA. valida using size frequency method ranged from 2.39 to 13.68 g/m2.GGEofA. valida exponentially reduced with body size and was closely associated with water temperature. Therefore,GGE equation for different months using the temperature recorded during the field investigation was fitted. The monthly consumption ofU. lactuca was figured out to be 86.7-1 549.0 g/m2 by the sum of consumption （P/GGE） byA. valida at different size, ac-counting for 2.0%-37.5% ofU. lactucaproduction. It indicates that the grazing effect ofA. valida did play a role in reducingthe accumulation ofU. lactucabiomass whenA. valida was abundant, but it finally fails to limit the U. lactucagrowth in Yundang Lagoon. Low abundance of A. valida and high nutrient loading may be two major reasons for the outbreak ofU. lactuca bloom in the lagoon.展开更多
Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of ma...Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of massive artificial filter material are difficult to maintain the oligotrophic conditions necessary for coral aquaculture. This study investigated the removal effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen（ammonia and nitrate） by live rock（LR）, a key component in the ＂Berlin system＂ coral aquarium. The expression levels of bacterial functional genes, AOA3,amo A and nos Z, were measured on the exterior and interior of LR. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial abundance on LR was quantified and the nitrogen nutrient regulatory effects of LR were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LR mainly removed ammonium（NH_4~＋） from the water with a mean efficiency of 0.141 mg/（kg·h）, while the removal of nitrate（NO_3~–） was not significant. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） were the most common bacteria on LR, which accounted for 0.5%–1.4% of the total bacterial population, followed by denitrifying bacteria, which accounted for 0.2% of the total population, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） were the least common type（〈0.01%）. The low abundance of denitrifying bacteria may be responsible for the poor nitrate（NO_3~–） removal of LR. Thus, other biological filtration methods are needed in coral aquaria to control nitrates generated from nitrification or biological metabolism.展开更多
Diatoms collected from the top 1 cm of the surface sediment layer at seven Bering Sea stations during the Fourth Chi- nese National Arctic Research Expedition （4th CH1NARE-Arctic） in 2010 were studied. In total, 101...Diatoms collected from the top 1 cm of the surface sediment layer at seven Bering Sea stations during the Fourth Chi- nese National Arctic Research Expedition （4th CH1NARE-Arctic） in 2010 were studied. In total, 101 taxa belonging to 38 genera were found. The species were divided into four groups： eurythermal species, boreal-temperate species, polar species, and sea-ice species. The diatom assemblages at the stations in the southwestern basin area were primarily composed of boreal-temperate species, such as Neodenticula seminae, Thalassiosira trifulta, Rhizosolenia hebetata f. hiemalis, and Actinocyclus curvatulus. The northeastern shelf stations were dominated by polar species, including Fragilariopsis oceanica, Thalassiosira antarctica spora, Thalassiosira nordensldoeldii, and Thalassiosira hyalina. The overall abundance was highest at the basin stations with 3.7 ×10^6 cells·g^-1 of wet sediment, whereas the eastern shelf stations had the lowest abundance of 0.7×10^6 cells·g^-1 of wet sediment （excluding the resting spores of Chaetoceros spp.）. The relationship between the distribution of the surface sediment diatom assemblages and the environment is discussed.展开更多
文摘A total of 168 macro-zooplankton samples from 42 stations in the central South China Sea （12° ～20° N, 111°～118°E, an area of about 64 × 10^4 km^2 ） were collected in September 1983 （autumn） , April 1984 （spring） , August 1984 （summer） and December 1984 （winter）. Twenty-three species and subspecies of tunicates were found, of which Thalia democratica complex （including T. d. orientalis and T. d. echinata） and Doliolum denticulatum were the dominant species, and accounted for 95.7% , 90. 0%, 91.8% and 90. 5% of the total tunicates found in autumn, winter, spring and summer, respectively. The highest abundance （with a mean of 2.37 ind./m^3 ） occurred in autumn. There are strong correlations between the abundances of the tunicates and those of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration. However, tunicates also aggregate in areas with low primary production in the autumn survey, probably due to the water circulation pattern.
基金The Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs under contract No.CHINARE2012-03-05the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of China under contract No.201105022-2the Polar Science Strategic Research Foundation of China under contract No.20120105
文摘The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations （depths rang- ing 46 to 52 m） and five deep sea stations （depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m） during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2010. The results showed that abundance of meiofauna was higher in shallow water sediments （average of 2445 ind./（10 cm2）） than in deep sea sediments （407.06 ind./（10 cm2））. A UNIANOVA test for difference between the two different regions was highly significant （F=10h 15, p〈0.Ol）. Nematodes were numerically dominant, representing （96.6±4.6）% of the total meiofaunal abundance at the shallow water stations and （98.90±1.42）% at deep sea stations. The number of higher taxonomic groups and abundance of meiofauna were higher at Stas CC1, CC4, and R06 near the Bering Strait and the continent, than at the rest of the shallow water and deep sea stations. The primary factors causing the differences were concentrations of nutrients P and Si of bottom seawater （R=0.831, p〈0.003）, followed by depth （R=-0.655, p〈0.05） and sand fractions of sediments （R=0.632, p 〈0.05）. The numbers of meiofauna on the 65 lam and 32 llm sieves were significantly higher than those on the rest of the screens. Differences in numbers of meiofauna retained on screens with different mesh openings were highly significant among all sampling stations （F=31.60, p〈0.01）. The highest numbers of individuals on screens with 32 μm mesh openings were found at deep sea stations. The number of meiofauna in the top 6-1, 1-2, and 2-4 cm segments constituted 84.4% of the total and was significantly higher than those in the bottom 4-6 and 6-10 cm segments （F=15, p〈0.01）.
文摘The growth and interspecies competition of two red tide algal species Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal and Gymnodinium sp. were studied under different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and the algal hatch culture experiments were conducted. The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured periodically, including the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate, average double time and chlorophyll a concentration. The results showed that when the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 16： 1, the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate and chlorophyll a concentration of Thalassiosira pseudonana all reached the highest,and average double time was the shortest. This implied that the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Thalassiosira pseudonana is 16： 1. When the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 6：1, the maximum comparing growth rate, relative growth rate and the chlorophyll a concentration of Gymnodinium sp. reached the highest, and average double time was the shortest, so the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Gymnodinium sp. is 6： 1. From the growth curves as indicated both in the cell density and the chlorophyll a concentration, it is suggested that the influence of concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus on the chlorophyll a concentration and the cell density are almost the same. Different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus had weak influence on community succession and the competition between the two algae. Gymnodinium sp. may use the phosphorus in vivo for growth, so it is important to pay attention to the concealment of phosphorus, in order to avoid the outbreak of red tide. On the basis of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus and the ratio of their concentration, the possible outbreak mechanism of red tide of the two algae was also discussed.
基金supported by Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program (Grant nos. CHINARE2012-2016-03-05, CHINARE2012-2016-04-03, CHINARE20122016-01-05, CHINARE2012-2016-04-01)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean (Grant no. 201105022-2)
文摘The Arctic is one of the most sensitive regions that respond through feedback to global climate changes. Climatic, hydrological and ecological changes in the Arctic are clear evidence of global warming. In 2012 and 2014, the 5th and 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions undertook studies in the Bering Sea, the Arctic Ocean （including the Chukchi Sea）, and the Norwegian Sea. These studies provided us with a better understanding of the marine biology and ecology in the Arctic and subarctic regions, particularly in the Pacific Arctic sector. Rapid changes observed in the Arctic environment include the shrinking of cold-water masses in the Bering Sea in the summer, and elevated water temperatures promoting phytoplankton blooms, leading to an increase in phytoplankton transferred to higher trophic levels. As a result, the transfer efficiency of organic matter toward the bottom weakened, leading to a reduction in benthic biomass. This is consistent with expectations that the overall carbon and energy flux will ultimately switch from the dominant mode of sea ice-algae-benthos to one of phytoplankton-zooplankton. Influenced by Pacific water inflow, fluvial runoff and melting sea ice, the Chukchi Sea exhibited different responses to various environmental changes. Interactions between water masses led to other interannual ecological shifts. With the increase in sea ice melt and sunlight in the central region of the Arctic Ocean, the relative abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is expected to increase, and play a vital role in the Arctic microbial loop.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under contract No.2014J01127the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract Nos 201205009-3 and 201105012
文摘The Gross growth efficiency （GGE） is defined as the amount of consumer carbon produced relative to the amount of prey ingested in a given time interval. In population ecology, it can be considered as an index for the ability of a consumer to convert the biomass of food into its population production. In this study, it was firstly applied to estimate the role of amphipods grazing in the biomass dynamics of macroalgae （Ulva lactuca） in Yundang Lagoon （a subtropical eutrophic coastal lagoon, Xiamen City, China）. It was found that amphipods were the dominant group （82.2%-98.7%） in the benthic assemblage, in which five amphipod species （Corophium uenoi, Ampithoe valida, Grandidierella japonica, Grammaropsis laevipalmata andCa-prella panantis） were observed in the lagoon. However, onlyA. valida significantly consumedU. lactuca among these amphipod species. A series of experiments were conducted to estimate the consumption of U. lactuca byA. valida. It was suggested that the monthly secondary production （P） ofA. valida using size frequency method ranged from 2.39 to 13.68 g/m2.GGEofA. valida exponentially reduced with body size and was closely associated with water temperature. Therefore,GGE equation for different months using the temperature recorded during the field investigation was fitted. The monthly consumption ofU. lactuca was figured out to be 86.7-1 549.0 g/m2 by the sum of consumption （P/GGE） byA. valida at different size, ac-counting for 2.0%-37.5% ofU. lactucaproduction. It indicates that the grazing effect ofA. valida did play a role in reducingthe accumulation ofU. lactucabiomass whenA. valida was abundant, but it finally fails to limit the U. lactucagrowth in Yundang Lagoon. Low abundance of A. valida and high nutrient loading may be two major reasons for the outbreak ofU. lactuca bloom in the lagoon.
基金The Regional Demonstration of Marine Economy Innovative Development Project under contract No.16PZY002SF18the Xiamen Southern Ocean Research Center Project under contract No.14CZY037HJ11+1 种基金the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation under contract No.2016GXNSFBA380228the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund Project under contract No.HX150702
文摘Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of massive artificial filter material are difficult to maintain the oligotrophic conditions necessary for coral aquaculture. This study investigated the removal effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen（ammonia and nitrate） by live rock（LR）, a key component in the ＂Berlin system＂ coral aquarium. The expression levels of bacterial functional genes, AOA3,amo A and nos Z, were measured on the exterior and interior of LR. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial abundance on LR was quantified and the nitrogen nutrient regulatory effects of LR were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LR mainly removed ammonium（NH_4~＋） from the water with a mean efficiency of 0.141 mg/（kg·h）, while the removal of nitrate（NO_3~–） was not significant. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） were the most common bacteria on LR, which accounted for 0.5%–1.4% of the total bacterial population, followed by denitrifying bacteria, which accounted for 0.2% of the total population, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） were the least common type（〈0.01%）. The low abundance of denitrifying bacteria may be responsible for the poor nitrate（NO_3~–） removal of LR. Thus, other biological filtration methods are needed in coral aquaria to control nitrates generated from nitrification or biological metabolism.
基金supported by the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes(Grant no.CHINARE2012-03-05)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of China(Grant no.201105022-2)the Polar Science Strategic Research Foundation of China(Grant no.20120105)
文摘Diatoms collected from the top 1 cm of the surface sediment layer at seven Bering Sea stations during the Fourth Chi- nese National Arctic Research Expedition （4th CH1NARE-Arctic） in 2010 were studied. In total, 101 taxa belonging to 38 genera were found. The species were divided into four groups： eurythermal species, boreal-temperate species, polar species, and sea-ice species. The diatom assemblages at the stations in the southwestern basin area were primarily composed of boreal-temperate species, such as Neodenticula seminae, Thalassiosira trifulta, Rhizosolenia hebetata f. hiemalis, and Actinocyclus curvatulus. The northeastern shelf stations were dominated by polar species, including Fragilariopsis oceanica, Thalassiosira antarctica spora, Thalassiosira nordensldoeldii, and Thalassiosira hyalina. The overall abundance was highest at the basin stations with 3.7 ×10^6 cells·g^-1 of wet sediment, whereas the eastern shelf stations had the lowest abundance of 0.7×10^6 cells·g^-1 of wet sediment （excluding the resting spores of Chaetoceros spp.）. The relationship between the distribution of the surface sediment diatom assemblages and the environment is discussed.
