Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein mal...Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.展开更多
Background: Overconditioned dairy cows are susceptible to excessive lipolysis and increased insulin resistance during the transition period.The associations among body fat reserve,insulin resistance,and lipolysis in a...Background: Overconditioned dairy cows are susceptible to excessive lipolysis and increased insulin resistance during the transition period.The associations among body fat reserve,insulin resistance,and lipolysis in adipose tissues(AT) remain to be elucidated.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate whether excessive fat reserves influence the insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum.Results: Twenty multiparous dairy cows were selected and assigned to one of two groups,according to prepartum body condition score(BCS): Control group(BCS = 3.0–3.5;n = 10) and Overconditioned group(BCS ≥ 4.0;n = 10).Blood samples were collected on days-14,-7,-4,-2,-1,0,1,2,4,7,and 14 relative to parturition.Subcutaneous AT were collected on day 2 following parturition for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses.No differences were observed between the two groups in serum glucose,non-esterified fatty acids,β-hydroxybutyric acid,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)α,insulin,or leptin concentrations during the experimental period.Compared with the control cows,the overconditioned cows had lower serum triglyceride levels and higher adiponectin concentrations.In the AT postpartum,insulin receptor mRNA and protein levels were lower in the overconditioned cows than in the control cows,and no differences were found in glucose transporter 4 mRNA.Compared with the control cows,the overconditioned cows had lower mRNA levels of TNFα and higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) in AT postpartum.The phosphorylated protein kinase B(AKT) content and phosphorylation rate of AKT were increased in the overconditioned cows compared with the control cows,which suggested that the downstream insulin signaling in AT was affected.Conclusions: In the present study,transition dairy cows with higher BCS did not show more fat mobilization.The changes of insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum of overconditioned cows may be partly related to the expression of PPARγ and TNFα,and the secretion of adiponectin.展开更多
Background:Bacillus cereus is an important pathogen that causes human food poisoning,specifically diarrhea and vomiting.B.cereus can also induce mastitis in dairy cows and has a strong survival ability in milk,as it c...Background:Bacillus cereus is an important pathogen that causes human food poisoning,specifically diarrhea and vomiting.B.cereus can also induce mastitis in dairy cows and has a strong survival ability in milk,as it cannot be inactivated by high-temperature short-time pasteurization.Therefore,B.cereus can enter the market through pasteurized milk and other dairy products,imposing enormous hidden dangers on food safety and human health.Results:In this study,B.cereus 2101(BC)was isolated from milk samples of cows with mastitis.BC grew rapidly with strong hemolysis,making it difficult to prevent mastitis and ensure food security.MAC-T cells were treated with BC and/or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1(LGR-1).Pretreatment with LGR-1 protected the integrity of tight junctions and the expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin destroyed by BC.Furthermore,LGR-1 pretreatment reduced the expression of NOD-like receptor family member pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),caspase recruitment and activation domain(ASC),Caspase-1 p20,gasdermin D(GSDMD)p30,inflammatory factors(interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-18),and cell death induced by BC.Moreover,LGR-1 pretreatment reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity and increased expressions of ZO-1 and occludin induced by lipopolysaccharides(LPS)+ATP stimulation.MAC-T cells were transfected with NLRP3 si RNA or MCC950 and/or treated with BC and/or LGR-1.NLRP3-si RNA transfection and MCC950 attenuated BC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity.Expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell death suggested that the inflammatory pathway might play an important role in the induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome by BC and the protection of LGR-1.Conclusions:These results suggest that LGR-1 might be a probiotic alternative to antibiotics and could be administered to prevent mastitis in dairy cows,thus ensuring food security.展开更多
Background： To explore the relationship between the heart-type fatty acid binding protein（H-FABP） gene and intramuscular fat（IMF）, a polymorphism of the second exon of the H-FABP gene was investigated in 60 Three...Background： To explore the relationship between the heart-type fatty acid binding protein（H-FABP） gene and intramuscular fat（IMF）, a polymorphism of the second exon of the H-FABP gene was investigated in 60 Three-yellow chickens（TYCs） and 60 Hetian-black chickens（HTBCs）.Results： The IMF contents of the cardiac, chest and leg muscles in HTBC were increased compared with TYC. Both TYC and HTBC populations exhibited Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium（HWE） according to the χ2test. Three variations of the two birds were detected, namely, G939 A, G982 A and C1014 T. HTBCs with the TT genotypes exhibit increased IMF content in the chest muscles compared with the TC genotype. Thus, the G982 A site could be considered a genetic marker for selecting increased IMF content in the chest muscles of HTBC. The correlation coefficients revealed that H-FABP m RNA expression was negatively correlated with the IMF content in the cardiac, chest and leg muscles of HTBC and in the cardiac and chest muscles of TYC. The relative m RNA expression of H-FABP was reduced in the cardiac and leg muscles of HTBC compared with TYC, but this difference was not observed at the protein level, as assessed by Western blot analysis.Conclusions： These findings offer essential data that can be useful in the breeding program of HTBC and future research exploring the role of H-FABP in IMF deposition and regulation in chickens.展开更多
Delivery and weaning are major stressful events in sows and piglets,adversely affecting production and growth performance and causing economic losses to swine farms.Probiotics as safe antibiotic alternatives have grea...Delivery and weaning are major stressful events in sows and piglets,adversely affecting production and growth performance and causing economic losses to swine farms.Probiotics as safe antibiotic alternatives have great potential for use across all stages of livestock farming.Here,18 pregnant sows from clinical farms randomly were divided into two groups:one fed a basal diet(CON group)and the other fed a basal diet plus a probiotic mixture CBB-mix(containing 1×10^(12) CFU/g of Lactobacillus johnsonii[CJ21],1×10^(9) CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis[BS15],and 1×10^(9) CFU/g of Bacillus licheniformis[BL21]),for 20 days before delivery.The effects of maternal CBB-mix supplementation on sow colostrum metabolome and offspring piglets'clinical performance,immune status,and gut microbiota were investigated.Additionally,177 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups,including CC group(piglets and sows fed a basal diet,n=40 from 5 litters),CP group(piglets fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix and sows fed the basal diet,n=38 from 4 litters),PC group(piglets fed the basal diet and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix,n=50 from 4 litters),and PP group(both piglets and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix,n=49 from 5 litters).Among that,CP and PP groups were added CBB-mix in the creep feed from 11 days of age for 18 days to study the direct effects of CBB-mix on the growth performance of piglets.Maternal CBB-mix supplementation improved sow production performance,including litter size at birth and litter weight at birth(P<0.05).Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows exhibited increased litter size at weaning and reduced diarrhea incidence from 1 to 10 days of age(P<0.05).Additionally,systemic immune status and antioxidant capabilities were improved in both sows and piglets.Maternal CBB-mix supplementation reconstituted the gut microbiota structure and increased the Sobs index and Shannon index of fecal microbiota in both sows and piglets(P<0.05).The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 in sow feces was decreased after feeding CBB-mix(P<0.05).In piglets,10-dayold feces had relatively more Lactobacillus but less Escherichia-Shigella than 1-day-old feces(P<0.05),indicating that maternal feeding CBB-mix alone affects the gut microbiota community of offspring piglets via the gutebreast axis.Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows had continuously decreased the relative abundance of fecal Escherichia-Shigella at 28 days of age(P<0.05).Consistently,the metabolite profile in sow milk was also changed by CBB-mix.Colostrum metabolome showed that CBB-mix significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Our data demonstrated that maternal CBB-mix supplementation effectively improved the production performance of sows and their offsprings'growth performance.Through the gutebreast axis(interaction between gut microbiota and mammary glands),feeding CBB-mix to sows impacted the gut microbiota of their offspring.This study provides strategy and evidence for maternal probiotic supplementation to improve immune status and gut microbiota homeostasis in response to delivery and weaning.展开更多
文摘Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2017YFD0502200)the Programs for National Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(Project No.6182005)
文摘Background: Overconditioned dairy cows are susceptible to excessive lipolysis and increased insulin resistance during the transition period.The associations among body fat reserve,insulin resistance,and lipolysis in adipose tissues(AT) remain to be elucidated.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate whether excessive fat reserves influence the insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum.Results: Twenty multiparous dairy cows were selected and assigned to one of two groups,according to prepartum body condition score(BCS): Control group(BCS = 3.0–3.5;n = 10) and Overconditioned group(BCS ≥ 4.0;n = 10).Blood samples were collected on days-14,-7,-4,-2,-1,0,1,2,4,7,and 14 relative to parturition.Subcutaneous AT were collected on day 2 following parturition for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses.No differences were observed between the two groups in serum glucose,non-esterified fatty acids,β-hydroxybutyric acid,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)α,insulin,or leptin concentrations during the experimental period.Compared with the control cows,the overconditioned cows had lower serum triglyceride levels and higher adiponectin concentrations.In the AT postpartum,insulin receptor mRNA and protein levels were lower in the overconditioned cows than in the control cows,and no differences were found in glucose transporter 4 mRNA.Compared with the control cows,the overconditioned cows had lower mRNA levels of TNFα and higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) in AT postpartum.The phosphorylated protein kinase B(AKT) content and phosphorylation rate of AKT were increased in the overconditioned cows compared with the control cows,which suggested that the downstream insulin signaling in AT was affected.Conclusions: In the present study,transition dairy cows with higher BCS did not show more fat mobilization.The changes of insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum of overconditioned cows may be partly related to the expression of PPARγ and TNFα,and the secretion of adiponectin.
基金the following funds:the National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2017YFD0502200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31960721)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31873034)。
文摘Background:Bacillus cereus is an important pathogen that causes human food poisoning,specifically diarrhea and vomiting.B.cereus can also induce mastitis in dairy cows and has a strong survival ability in milk,as it cannot be inactivated by high-temperature short-time pasteurization.Therefore,B.cereus can enter the market through pasteurized milk and other dairy products,imposing enormous hidden dangers on food safety and human health.Results:In this study,B.cereus 2101(BC)was isolated from milk samples of cows with mastitis.BC grew rapidly with strong hemolysis,making it difficult to prevent mastitis and ensure food security.MAC-T cells were treated with BC and/or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1(LGR-1).Pretreatment with LGR-1 protected the integrity of tight junctions and the expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin destroyed by BC.Furthermore,LGR-1 pretreatment reduced the expression of NOD-like receptor family member pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),caspase recruitment and activation domain(ASC),Caspase-1 p20,gasdermin D(GSDMD)p30,inflammatory factors(interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-18),and cell death induced by BC.Moreover,LGR-1 pretreatment reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity and increased expressions of ZO-1 and occludin induced by lipopolysaccharides(LPS)+ATP stimulation.MAC-T cells were transfected with NLRP3 si RNA or MCC950 and/or treated with BC and/or LGR-1.NLRP3-si RNA transfection and MCC950 attenuated BC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity.Expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell death suggested that the inflammatory pathway might play an important role in the induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome by BC and the protection of LGR-1.Conclusions:These results suggest that LGR-1 might be a probiotic alternative to antibiotics and could be administered to prevent mastitis in dairy cows,thus ensuring food security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.31160521)Tarim University Principal Fund(Project No.TDZKGG201504)the project of Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology,Xinjiang Production&Construction Group(Project No.HS201302)
文摘Background： To explore the relationship between the heart-type fatty acid binding protein（H-FABP） gene and intramuscular fat（IMF）, a polymorphism of the second exon of the H-FABP gene was investigated in 60 Three-yellow chickens（TYCs） and 60 Hetian-black chickens（HTBCs）.Results： The IMF contents of the cardiac, chest and leg muscles in HTBC were increased compared with TYC. Both TYC and HTBC populations exhibited Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium（HWE） according to the χ2test. Three variations of the two birds were detected, namely, G939 A, G982 A and C1014 T. HTBCs with the TT genotypes exhibit increased IMF content in the chest muscles compared with the TC genotype. Thus, the G982 A site could be considered a genetic marker for selecting increased IMF content in the chest muscles of HTBC. The correlation coefficients revealed that H-FABP m RNA expression was negatively correlated with the IMF content in the cardiac, chest and leg muscles of HTBC and in the cardiac and chest muscles of TYC. The relative m RNA expression of H-FABP was reduced in the cardiac and leg muscles of HTBC compared with TYC, but this difference was not observed at the protein level, as assessed by Western blot analysis.Conclusions： These findings offer essential data that can be useful in the breeding program of HTBC and future research exploring the role of H-FABP in IMF deposition and regulation in chickens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.32002351 and 31873034)the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(Project No.ZDYF2023XDNY038)the National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2023YFC3404301 and 2023YFD1801100).
文摘Delivery and weaning are major stressful events in sows and piglets,adversely affecting production and growth performance and causing economic losses to swine farms.Probiotics as safe antibiotic alternatives have great potential for use across all stages of livestock farming.Here,18 pregnant sows from clinical farms randomly were divided into two groups:one fed a basal diet(CON group)and the other fed a basal diet plus a probiotic mixture CBB-mix(containing 1×10^(12) CFU/g of Lactobacillus johnsonii[CJ21],1×10^(9) CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis[BS15],and 1×10^(9) CFU/g of Bacillus licheniformis[BL21]),for 20 days before delivery.The effects of maternal CBB-mix supplementation on sow colostrum metabolome and offspring piglets'clinical performance,immune status,and gut microbiota were investigated.Additionally,177 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups,including CC group(piglets and sows fed a basal diet,n=40 from 5 litters),CP group(piglets fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix and sows fed the basal diet,n=38 from 4 litters),PC group(piglets fed the basal diet and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix,n=50 from 4 litters),and PP group(both piglets and sows fed the basal diet plus CBB-mix,n=49 from 5 litters).Among that,CP and PP groups were added CBB-mix in the creep feed from 11 days of age for 18 days to study the direct effects of CBB-mix on the growth performance of piglets.Maternal CBB-mix supplementation improved sow production performance,including litter size at birth and litter weight at birth(P<0.05).Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows exhibited increased litter size at weaning and reduced diarrhea incidence from 1 to 10 days of age(P<0.05).Additionally,systemic immune status and antioxidant capabilities were improved in both sows and piglets.Maternal CBB-mix supplementation reconstituted the gut microbiota structure and increased the Sobs index and Shannon index of fecal microbiota in both sows and piglets(P<0.05).The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 in sow feces was decreased after feeding CBB-mix(P<0.05).In piglets,10-dayold feces had relatively more Lactobacillus but less Escherichia-Shigella than 1-day-old feces(P<0.05),indicating that maternal feeding CBB-mix alone affects the gut microbiota community of offspring piglets via the gutebreast axis.Piglets born from CBB-mix-fed sows had continuously decreased the relative abundance of fecal Escherichia-Shigella at 28 days of age(P<0.05).Consistently,the metabolite profile in sow milk was also changed by CBB-mix.Colostrum metabolome showed that CBB-mix significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Our data demonstrated that maternal CBB-mix supplementation effectively improved the production performance of sows and their offsprings'growth performance.Through the gutebreast axis(interaction between gut microbiota and mammary glands),feeding CBB-mix to sows impacted the gut microbiota of their offspring.This study provides strategy and evidence for maternal probiotic supplementation to improve immune status and gut microbiota homeostasis in response to delivery and weaning.
