The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization....The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization.We evaluated the expressions of 8 housekeeping genes:18S ribosomal rDNA(18S rDNA),28S ribosomal r DNA(28S rDNA),rubisco large subunit(rbc-L),β-actin(ACT),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),elongation factor 1(EF1),β-tubulin(Tub B),and P-phycoerythrin B(PEB),to select the suitable reference genes for different life-history stages(tetrasporophyte,carposporophyte,and male/female gametophyte)of Gracilaria vermiculophylla by absolute quantitative method.Softwares geNorm and BestKeeper were used to verify the results acquired from copy number analysis.Results show that the expression of identified reference genes varied in comparing groups composed of different type of life stages.It is suggested that 18S rDNA and TubB could be used for highly complex samples composed of mixed ploidy and phases.18S rDNA and 28S rDNA were also preferred for using among the matured isomorphic samples.But for samples with different maturities,TubB and ACT were recommended for tetrasporophytes and gametophytes respectively.展开更多
In the framework of vigorous promotion of low-carbon power system growth as well as economic globalization,multi-resource penetration in active distribution networks has been advancing fiercely.In particular,distribut...In the framework of vigorous promotion of low-carbon power system growth as well as economic globalization,multi-resource penetration in active distribution networks has been advancing fiercely.In particular,distributed generation(DG)based on renewable energy is critical for active distribution network operation enhancement.To comprehensively analyze the accessing impact of DG in distribution networks from various parts,this paper establishes an optimal DG location and sizing planning model based on active power losses,voltage profile,pollution emissions,and the economics of DG costs as well as meteorological conditions.Subsequently,multiobjective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)is applied to obtain the optimal Pareto front.Besides,for the sake of avoiding the influence of the subjective setting of the weight coefficient,the decisionmethod based on amodified ideal point is applied to execute a Pareto front decision.Finally,simulation tests based on IEEE33 and IEEE69 nodes are designed.The experimental results show thatMOPSO can achieve wider and more uniformPareto front distribution.In the IEEE33 node test system,power loss,and voltage deviation decreased by 52.23%,and 38.89%,respectively,while taking the economy into account.In the IEEE69 test system,the three indexes decreased by 19.67%,and 58.96%,respectively.展开更多
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7...Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.展开更多
Quality emerges as a pivotal competitive factor for agricultural products.Recently,retailers within agricultural supply chains have begun investing in technologies to improve quality and designing contracts to incenti...Quality emerges as a pivotal competitive factor for agricultural products.Recently,retailers within agricultural supply chains have begun investing in technologies to improve quality and designing contracts to incentivize farmers to enhance their labor inputs.The farmers and the retailers incur different quality investment costs,with this cost increasing in the quality they provide.Simultaneously,retailers have embraced the farmer-competition strategy,employing competition to stimulate improved agricultural product quality among farmers.We construct a Stackelberg game model to analyze how farmers’quality investment,retailer’s contract design,and profits are affected by the retailer’s farmer-competition strategy.We show that the farmer competition introduced by the retailer is not always effective in improving the farmer’s quality investment.Similarly,the competition cannot always lead to additional profits for the retailer.Moreover,the supply chain profit suffers from the retailer’s farmer-competition strategy when the competition intensity between farmers is relatively large.Our results offer insights for retailers by identifying how should the retailer design the contract to improve the farmer’s quality effort given the existence of the farmer competition and under what conditions the retailer should adopt the farmer-competition strategy.展开更多
基金Supported by the Key Program of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningbo (No.2019B10009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41476111)。
文摘The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization.We evaluated the expressions of 8 housekeeping genes:18S ribosomal rDNA(18S rDNA),28S ribosomal r DNA(28S rDNA),rubisco large subunit(rbc-L),β-actin(ACT),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),elongation factor 1(EF1),β-tubulin(Tub B),and P-phycoerythrin B(PEB),to select the suitable reference genes for different life-history stages(tetrasporophyte,carposporophyte,and male/female gametophyte)of Gracilaria vermiculophylla by absolute quantitative method.Softwares geNorm and BestKeeper were used to verify the results acquired from copy number analysis.Results show that the expression of identified reference genes varied in comparing groups composed of different type of life stages.It is suggested that 18S rDNA and TubB could be used for highly complex samples composed of mixed ploidy and phases.18S rDNA and 28S rDNA were also preferred for using among the matured isomorphic samples.But for samples with different maturities,TubB and ACT were recommended for tetrasporophytes and gametophytes respectively.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Enhancement Strategy of Multi-Type Energy Integration of Active Distribution Network(YNKJXM20220113).
文摘In the framework of vigorous promotion of low-carbon power system growth as well as economic globalization,multi-resource penetration in active distribution networks has been advancing fiercely.In particular,distributed generation(DG)based on renewable energy is critical for active distribution network operation enhancement.To comprehensively analyze the accessing impact of DG in distribution networks from various parts,this paper establishes an optimal DG location and sizing planning model based on active power losses,voltage profile,pollution emissions,and the economics of DG costs as well as meteorological conditions.Subsequently,multiobjective particle swarm optimization(MOPSO)is applied to obtain the optimal Pareto front.Besides,for the sake of avoiding the influence of the subjective setting of the weight coefficient,the decisionmethod based on amodified ideal point is applied to execute a Pareto front decision.Finally,simulation tests based on IEEE33 and IEEE69 nodes are designed.The experimental results show thatMOPSO can achieve wider and more uniformPareto front distribution.In the IEEE33 node test system,power loss,and voltage deviation decreased by 52.23%,and 38.89%,respectively,while taking the economy into account.In the IEEE69 test system,the three indexes decreased by 19.67%,and 58.96%,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179042 and U21A2078)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Nos.2020J06021 and 2020J01064).
文摘Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.72192823 and 71821002.
文摘Quality emerges as a pivotal competitive factor for agricultural products.Recently,retailers within agricultural supply chains have begun investing in technologies to improve quality and designing contracts to incentivize farmers to enhance their labor inputs.The farmers and the retailers incur different quality investment costs,with this cost increasing in the quality they provide.Simultaneously,retailers have embraced the farmer-competition strategy,employing competition to stimulate improved agricultural product quality among farmers.We construct a Stackelberg game model to analyze how farmers’quality investment,retailer’s contract design,and profits are affected by the retailer’s farmer-competition strategy.We show that the farmer competition introduced by the retailer is not always effective in improving the farmer’s quality investment.Similarly,the competition cannot always lead to additional profits for the retailer.Moreover,the supply chain profit suffers from the retailer’s farmer-competition strategy when the competition intensity between farmers is relatively large.Our results offer insights for retailers by identifying how should the retailer design the contract to improve the farmer’s quality effort given the existence of the farmer competition and under what conditions the retailer should adopt the farmer-competition strategy.
