A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated ...A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.展开更多
Based on the concepts of cloud water resource(CWR)and related variables proposed in the first part of this study,this paper provides details of two methods to quantify the CWR.One is diagnostic quantification(CWR-DQ)b...Based on the concepts of cloud water resource(CWR)and related variables proposed in the first part of this study,this paper provides details of two methods to quantify the CWR.One is diagnostic quantification(CWR-DQ)based on satellite observations,precipitation products,and atmospheric reanalysis data;and the other is numerical quantification(CWR-NQ)based on a cloud resolving model developed at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS).The two methods are applied to quantify the CWR in April and August 2017 over North China,and the results are evaluated against all available observations.Main results are as follows.(1)For the CWR-DQ approach,reference cloud profiles are firstly derived based on the Cloud Sat/CALIPSO joint satellite observations for 2007–2010.The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in 2000–2017 are then employed to produce three-dimensional cloud fields.The budget/balance equations of atmospheric water substance are lastly used,together with precipitation observations,to retrieve CWR and related variables.It is found that the distribution and vertical structure of clouds obtained by the diagnostic method are consistent with observations.(2)For the CWR-NQ approach,it assumes that the cloud resolving model is able to describe the cloud microphysical processes completely and precisely,from which four-dimensional distributions of atmospheric water vapor,hydrometeors,and wind fields can be obtained.The data are then employed to quantify the CWR and related terms/quantities.After one-month continuous integration,the mass of atmospheric water substance becomes conserved,and the tempospatial distributions of water vapor,hydrometeors/cloud water,and precipitation are consistent with observations.(3)Diagnostic values of the difference in the transition between hydrometeors and water vapor(Cvh-Chv)and the surface evaporation(Es)are well consistent with their numerical values.(4)Correlation and bias analyses show that the diagnostic CWR contributors are well correlated with observations,and match their numerical counterparts as well,indicating that the CWR-NQ and CWR-DQ methods are reasonable.(5)Underestimation of water vapor converted from hydrometeors(Chv)is a shortcoming of the CWR-DQ method,which may be rectified by numerical quantification results or by use of advanced observations on higher spatiotemporal resolutions.展开更多
In 2022,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results.First,a series of well-defined dinuclear organoboron catalysts were develo...In 2022,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results.First,a series of well-defined dinuclear organoboron catalysts were developed to precisely control the enchainment of ether and carbonate segments during the copolymerization of CO_(2)and epoxides.Second,polyester had been synthesized through cationic copolymerization of cyclic anhydride.Third,ring-opening polymerization of carbon dioxide based valerolactone had been achieved,revealing the prospect of 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one(EVL)in utilizing CO_(2)and synthesizing functional polymers.Fourth,machine learning methods have been applied to biomaterial research,enabling high-throughput screening of functional biomaterial surfaces for implantable devices,and searching for potent antimicrobial peptides in whole combinatorial peptide libraries.Fifth,methods of characterization of biomacromolecule RNA transcription and manipulation of nucleoside modification were developed.Sixth,artificial enzymes-armed Bifidobacterium Longum probiotics were established to tune down gut inflammation.Seventh,three-dimensional(3D)printing technologies were used to engineer tough supramolecular hydrogels.Eighth,hydroplastic foaming graphene frameworks for acoustic and conductive polymer composites were provided for application.Ninth,aggregate photophysics about the nature of through-space interactions(TSIs)and manipulating their strength in small molecules with non-conjugated structure had been elucidated.Tenth,the forming mechanism of a newfound nested texture in poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)spherulitic films had been revealed.Finally,the isotropically dyeing mechanism of KDP single crystals grown from hydrogels have been explored.The related works are reviewed in this paper.展开更多
In 2023,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results in the five research directions.First,for controllable catalytic polymeriz...In 2023,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results in the five research directions.First,for controllable catalytic polymerization,a new silicon-centered organoboron binary catalyst was developed for copolymerization of epoxides,and a series of cooperative organocatalysts were proposed for ring-opening copolymerization of chalcogen-rich monomers.Second,with respect to microstructure and rheology,axially encoded metafiber demonstrated its capacity for integrating multiple electronics,while artificial nacre materials showed improved strength and toughness due to interlayer entanglement.Third,concerning separating functional polymers,interfacial polymerization was monitored via aggregation-induced emission,and vacuum filtration was applied to assist interfacial polymerization.Fourth,in terms of biomedical functional polymers,we designed antibacterial materials such as a novel quaternary ammonium salt that enables polyethylene terephthalate recycling and its antibacterial function,nanozyme-armed phage proved its efficiency in combating bacterial infection,and also transition metal nanoparticles showed capacities in antibacterial treatments.We also made achievements in biomedical materials,including polymeric microneedles for minimally invasive implantation and functionalization of cardiac patches,as well as ROSresponsive/scavenging prodrug/miRNA balloon coating to promote drug delivery efficiency.Besides,methods and mechanisms of RNA labeling has been developed.Fifth,about photo-electro-magnetic functional polymers,through-space conjugation was successfully manipulated by altering subunit packing modes,room-temperature phosphorescent hydrogels were synthesized via polymerization-induced crystallization of dopant molecules,and single crystals of both fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors were grown in crystallized organogel,with their photodetection performance further explored.The related works are reviewed in this paper.展开更多
In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed an...In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed and synthesized facilely, exhibiting outstanding reactivity, thermalstability and productivity in different kinds of polymerization and cycloaddition reactions. Second, a variety of chalcogen(O, S, Se)-rich polymers had been synthesized via organocatalysis and fabricated to be the ionic conductive and photoluminescent materials. Third, diverse microenvironment-sensitive nanoparticles had been designed,and novel strategies had been realized, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in cancer as well as biofilmassociated infections. Fourth, m6 A modification on cellular transcriptome-wide messenger RNA had been successfully mapped at single base resolution using a metabolic labeling method. Fifth, a hydrogel-based robot had been developed, showing swift locomotion as a response to dynamic light stimulations. Sixth,the conformation-size scaling law and the conformation evolution map of 2 D macromolecules in solution had been elucidated experimentally, in the single-layer graphene oxide model. Seventh, semitransparent polymer solar cells, promising as building-integrated photovoltaics, have been developed with the fine balance among power conversion efficiency, visible light transparency and infrared photon radiation rejection. Finally, long-range ordered bulk-heterojunctions of organic semiconductors had been achieved,and their superior optoelectronic properties and potential application in photoelectric conversion had been revealed. The related work progresses are reviewed in this paper.展开更多
By using the diagnostic quantification method for cloud water resource(CWR),the three-dimensional(3D)cloud fields of 1°×1°resolution during 2000-2019 in China are firstly obtained based on the NCEP rean...By using the diagnostic quantification method for cloud water resource(CWR),the three-dimensional(3D)cloud fields of 1°×1°resolution during 2000-2019 in China are firstly obtained based on the NCEP reanalysis data and related satellite data.Then,combined with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)products,a 1°×1°gridded CWR dataset of China in recent 20 years is established.On this basis,the monthly and annual CWR and related variables in China and its six weather modification operation sub-regions are obtained,and the CWR characteristics in different regions are analyzed finally.The results show that in the past 20 years,the annual total amount of atmospheric hydrometeors(GM_(h))and water vapor(GM_(v))in the Chinese mainland are about 838.1 and 3835.9 mm,respectively.After deducting the annual mean precipitation of China(P_(s),661.7 mm),the annual CWR is about 176.4 mm.Among the six sub-regions,the southeast region has the largest amount of cloud condensation(C_(vh))and precipitation,leading to the largest GM_(h) and CWR there.In contrast,the annual P_(s),GM_(h),and CWR are all the least in the northwest region.Furthermore,the monthly and interannual variation trends of P_(s),C_(vh),and GM_(h) in different regions are identical,and the evolution characteristics of CWR are also consistent with the hydrometeor inflow(Q_(hi)).For the north,northwest,and northeast regions,in spring and autumn the precipitation efficiency of hydrometeors(PEh)is not high(20%-60%),the renewal time of hydrometeors(RT_(h))is relatively long(5-25 h),and GM_(h) is relatively high.Therefore,there is great potential for the development of CWR through artificial precipitation enhancement(APE).For the central region,spring,autumn,and winter are suitable seasons for CWR development.For the southeast and southwest regions,P_(s) and PE_(h) in summer are so high that the development of CWR should be avoided.For different spatial scales,there are significant differences in the characteristics of CWR.展开更多
Wetlands account for up to 70%of the natural source of methane(CH_(4))in terrestrial ecosystems on a global scale.Soil microbes are the ultimate producers and biological consumers of CH_(4)in wetlands.Therefore,simula...Wetlands account for up to 70%of the natural source of methane(CH_(4))in terrestrial ecosystems on a global scale.Soil microbes are the ultimate producers and biological consumers of CH_(4)in wetlands.Therefore,simulating microbial mechanisms of CH_(4)production and consumptionwould improve the predictability of CH_(4)flux in wetland ecosystems.In this study,we applied a microbial-explicit model,the CLM-Microbe,to simulate CH_(4)flux in three major natural wetlands in northeastern China.The CLM-Microbe model was able to capture the seasonal variation of gross primary productivity(GPP),dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and CH_(4)flux.The CLM-Microbe model explained more than 40%of the variation in GPP and CH_(4)flux across sites.Marsh wetlands had higher CH_(4)flux than mountain peatlands.Ebullition dominated the CH_(4)transport pathway in all three wetlands.The methanogenesis dominates while methanotroph makes a minor contribution to the CH_(4)flux,making all wetlands a CH_(4)source.Sensitivity analysis indicated that microbial growth and death rates are the key factors governing CH_(4)emission and vegetation physiological properties(flnr)and maintenance respiration predominate GPP variation.Explicitly simulating microbial processes allows genomic information to be incorporated,laying a foundation for better predicting CH_(4)dynamics under the changing environment.展开更多
Natural chromophores wildly exist in living bodies and have been utilized for thousands of years[1].Many of them,such as quinine[2],luciferin[3-5],coelenteramide[6,7],and coumarin[8],can fluoresce and have been widely...Natural chromophores wildly exist in living bodies and have been utilized for thousands of years[1].Many of them,such as quinine[2],luciferin[3-5],coelenteramide[6,7],and coumarin[8],can fluoresce and have been widely applied in biosensor,immune sensor,and fluorescent imaging agents[9,10].展开更多
The integration of RNA metabolic labelling by nucleoside analogues with high-throughput RNA sequencing has been harnessed to study RNA dynamics.The immunoprecipitation purification or chemical pulldown technique is ge...The integration of RNA metabolic labelling by nucleoside analogues with high-throughput RNA sequencing has been harnessed to study RNA dynamics.The immunoprecipitation purification or chemical pulldown technique is generally required to enrich the analogue-labelled RNAs.Here we developed an a^(6)A-seq method,which takes advantage of N^(6)-allyladenosine(a^(6)A)metabolic labelling on cellular mRNAs and profiles them in an immunoprecipitation-free and mutation-based manner.a^(6)A plays a role as a chemical sequencing tag in that the iodination of a^(6)A in mRNAs results in 1,N^(6)-cyclized adenosine(cyc-A),which induces base misincorporation during RNA reverse transcription,thus making a^(6)A-labelled mRNAs detectable by sequencing.A nucleic acid melting assay was utilized to investigate why cyc-A prefers to be paired with guanine.a^(6)A-seq was utilized to study cellular gene expression changes under a methionine-free stress condition.Compared with regular RNA-seq,a^(6)A-seq could more sensitively detect the change of mRNA production over a time scale.The experiment of a^(6)Acontaining mRNA immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR successfully validated the high-throughput a^(6)A-seq data.Together,our results show a^(6)A-seq is an effective tool to study RNA dynamics.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2012BAD04B02,2013BAD07B02,and2011BAD16B10)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103003 and 201303126-4)the Key Technology R&D Program of Jilin province,China(20126026)
文摘A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0601701)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA120902)。
文摘Based on the concepts of cloud water resource(CWR)and related variables proposed in the first part of this study,this paper provides details of two methods to quantify the CWR.One is diagnostic quantification(CWR-DQ)based on satellite observations,precipitation products,and atmospheric reanalysis data;and the other is numerical quantification(CWR-NQ)based on a cloud resolving model developed at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS).The two methods are applied to quantify the CWR in April and August 2017 over North China,and the results are evaluated against all available observations.Main results are as follows.(1)For the CWR-DQ approach,reference cloud profiles are firstly derived based on the Cloud Sat/CALIPSO joint satellite observations for 2007–2010.The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in 2000–2017 are then employed to produce three-dimensional cloud fields.The budget/balance equations of atmospheric water substance are lastly used,together with precipitation observations,to retrieve CWR and related variables.It is found that the distribution and vertical structure of clouds obtained by the diagnostic method are consistent with observations.(2)For the CWR-NQ approach,it assumes that the cloud resolving model is able to describe the cloud microphysical processes completely and precisely,from which four-dimensional distributions of atmospheric water vapor,hydrometeors,and wind fields can be obtained.The data are then employed to quantify the CWR and related terms/quantities.After one-month continuous integration,the mass of atmospheric water substance becomes conserved,and the tempospatial distributions of water vapor,hydrometeors/cloud water,and precipitation are consistent with observations.(3)Diagnostic values of the difference in the transition between hydrometeors and water vapor(Cvh-Chv)and the surface evaporation(Es)are well consistent with their numerical values.(4)Correlation and bias analyses show that the diagnostic CWR contributors are well correlated with observations,and match their numerical counterparts as well,indicating that the CWR-NQ and CWR-DQ methods are reasonable.(5)Underestimation of water vapor converted from hydrometeors(Chv)is a shortcoming of the CWR-DQ method,which may be rectified by numerical quantification results or by use of advanced observations on higher spatiotemporal resolutions.
基金the support from the SCI-TECH Academy of Zhejiang University。
文摘In 2022,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results.First,a series of well-defined dinuclear organoboron catalysts were developed to precisely control the enchainment of ether and carbonate segments during the copolymerization of CO_(2)and epoxides.Second,polyester had been synthesized through cationic copolymerization of cyclic anhydride.Third,ring-opening polymerization of carbon dioxide based valerolactone had been achieved,revealing the prospect of 3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one(EVL)in utilizing CO_(2)and synthesizing functional polymers.Fourth,machine learning methods have been applied to biomaterial research,enabling high-throughput screening of functional biomaterial surfaces for implantable devices,and searching for potent antimicrobial peptides in whole combinatorial peptide libraries.Fifth,methods of characterization of biomacromolecule RNA transcription and manipulation of nucleoside modification were developed.Sixth,artificial enzymes-armed Bifidobacterium Longum probiotics were established to tune down gut inflammation.Seventh,three-dimensional(3D)printing technologies were used to engineer tough supramolecular hydrogels.Eighth,hydroplastic foaming graphene frameworks for acoustic and conductive polymer composites were provided for application.Ninth,aggregate photophysics about the nature of through-space interactions(TSIs)and manipulating their strength in small molecules with non-conjugated structure had been elucidated.Tenth,the forming mechanism of a newfound nested texture in poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)spherulitic films had been revealed.Finally,the isotropically dyeing mechanism of KDP single crystals grown from hydrogels have been explored.The related works are reviewed in this paper.
基金the support from the SCI-TECH Academy of Zhejiang University。
文摘In 2023,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results in the five research directions.First,for controllable catalytic polymerization,a new silicon-centered organoboron binary catalyst was developed for copolymerization of epoxides,and a series of cooperative organocatalysts were proposed for ring-opening copolymerization of chalcogen-rich monomers.Second,with respect to microstructure and rheology,axially encoded metafiber demonstrated its capacity for integrating multiple electronics,while artificial nacre materials showed improved strength and toughness due to interlayer entanglement.Third,concerning separating functional polymers,interfacial polymerization was monitored via aggregation-induced emission,and vacuum filtration was applied to assist interfacial polymerization.Fourth,in terms of biomedical functional polymers,we designed antibacterial materials such as a novel quaternary ammonium salt that enables polyethylene terephthalate recycling and its antibacterial function,nanozyme-armed phage proved its efficiency in combating bacterial infection,and also transition metal nanoparticles showed capacities in antibacterial treatments.We also made achievements in biomedical materials,including polymeric microneedles for minimally invasive implantation and functionalization of cardiac patches,as well as ROSresponsive/scavenging prodrug/miRNA balloon coating to promote drug delivery efficiency.Besides,methods and mechanisms of RNA labeling has been developed.Fifth,about photo-electro-magnetic functional polymers,through-space conjugation was successfully manipulated by altering subunit packing modes,room-temperature phosphorescent hydrogels were synthesized via polymerization-induced crystallization of dopant molecules,and single crystals of both fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors were grown in crystallized organogel,with their photodetection performance further explored.The related works are reviewed in this paper.
基金support from the SCI-TECH Academy of Zhejiang University。
文摘In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed and synthesized facilely, exhibiting outstanding reactivity, thermalstability and productivity in different kinds of polymerization and cycloaddition reactions. Second, a variety of chalcogen(O, S, Se)-rich polymers had been synthesized via organocatalysis and fabricated to be the ionic conductive and photoluminescent materials. Third, diverse microenvironment-sensitive nanoparticles had been designed,and novel strategies had been realized, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in cancer as well as biofilmassociated infections. Fourth, m6 A modification on cellular transcriptome-wide messenger RNA had been successfully mapped at single base resolution using a metabolic labeling method. Fifth, a hydrogel-based robot had been developed, showing swift locomotion as a response to dynamic light stimulations. Sixth,the conformation-size scaling law and the conformation evolution map of 2 D macromolecules in solution had been elucidated experimentally, in the single-layer graphene oxide model. Seventh, semitransparent polymer solar cells, promising as building-integrated photovoltaics, have been developed with the fine balance among power conversion efficiency, visible light transparency and infrared photon radiation rejection. Finally, long-range ordered bulk-heterojunctions of organic semiconductors had been achieved,and their superior optoelectronic properties and potential application in photoelectric conversion had been revealed. The related work progresses are reviewed in this paper.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0601701)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA120902)。
文摘By using the diagnostic quantification method for cloud water resource(CWR),the three-dimensional(3D)cloud fields of 1°×1°resolution during 2000-2019 in China are firstly obtained based on the NCEP reanalysis data and related satellite data.Then,combined with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)products,a 1°×1°gridded CWR dataset of China in recent 20 years is established.On this basis,the monthly and annual CWR and related variables in China and its six weather modification operation sub-regions are obtained,and the CWR characteristics in different regions are analyzed finally.The results show that in the past 20 years,the annual total amount of atmospheric hydrometeors(GM_(h))and water vapor(GM_(v))in the Chinese mainland are about 838.1 and 3835.9 mm,respectively.After deducting the annual mean precipitation of China(P_(s),661.7 mm),the annual CWR is about 176.4 mm.Among the six sub-regions,the southeast region has the largest amount of cloud condensation(C_(vh))and precipitation,leading to the largest GM_(h) and CWR there.In contrast,the annual P_(s),GM_(h),and CWR are all the least in the northwest region.Furthermore,the monthly and interannual variation trends of P_(s),C_(vh),and GM_(h) in different regions are identical,and the evolution characteristics of CWR are also consistent with the hydrometeor inflow(Q_(hi)).For the north,northwest,and northeast regions,in spring and autumn the precipitation efficiency of hydrometeors(PEh)is not high(20%-60%),the renewal time of hydrometeors(RT_(h))is relatively long(5-25 h),and GM_(h) is relatively high.Therefore,there is great potential for the development of CWR through artificial precipitation enhancement(APE).For the central region,spring,autumn,and winter are suitable seasons for CWR development.For the southeast and southwest regions,P_(s) and PE_(h) in summer are so high that the development of CWR should be avoided.For different spatial scales,there are significant differences in the characteristics of CWR.
基金This study was partially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA28020502)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.41771102,41730643,32171873,41701198)of ChinaNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Wetlands account for up to 70%of the natural source of methane(CH_(4))in terrestrial ecosystems on a global scale.Soil microbes are the ultimate producers and biological consumers of CH_(4)in wetlands.Therefore,simulating microbial mechanisms of CH_(4)production and consumptionwould improve the predictability of CH_(4)flux in wetland ecosystems.In this study,we applied a microbial-explicit model,the CLM-Microbe,to simulate CH_(4)flux in three major natural wetlands in northeastern China.The CLM-Microbe model was able to capture the seasonal variation of gross primary productivity(GPP),dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and CH_(4)flux.The CLM-Microbe model explained more than 40%of the variation in GPP and CH_(4)flux across sites.Marsh wetlands had higher CH_(4)flux than mountain peatlands.Ebullition dominated the CH_(4)transport pathway in all three wetlands.The methanogenesis dominates while methanotroph makes a minor contribution to the CH_(4)flux,making all wetlands a CH_(4)source.Sensitivity analysis indicated that microbial growth and death rates are the key factors governing CH_(4)emission and vegetation physiological properties(flnr)and maintenance respiration predominate GPP variation.Explicitly simulating microbial processes allows genomic information to be incorporated,laying a foundation for better predicting CH_(4)dynamics under the changing environment.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22021715 and 52150222)the Major Scientific and Technological Project of the Department of Science&Technology,Zhejiang Province(2020C03030)the support from the Open Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates and the South China University of Technology(2019B030301003)。
文摘Natural chromophores wildly exist in living bodies and have been utilized for thousands of years[1].Many of them,such as quinine[2],luciferin[3-5],coelenteramide[6,7],and coumarin[8],can fluoresce and have been widely applied in biosensor,immune sensor,and fluorescent imaging agents[9,10].
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1103702 and 2017YFA0506800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22022702 and 21977087)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,Zhejiang University(2022MSF04).
文摘The integration of RNA metabolic labelling by nucleoside analogues with high-throughput RNA sequencing has been harnessed to study RNA dynamics.The immunoprecipitation purification or chemical pulldown technique is generally required to enrich the analogue-labelled RNAs.Here we developed an a^(6)A-seq method,which takes advantage of N^(6)-allyladenosine(a^(6)A)metabolic labelling on cellular mRNAs and profiles them in an immunoprecipitation-free and mutation-based manner.a^(6)A plays a role as a chemical sequencing tag in that the iodination of a^(6)A in mRNAs results in 1,N^(6)-cyclized adenosine(cyc-A),which induces base misincorporation during RNA reverse transcription,thus making a^(6)A-labelled mRNAs detectable by sequencing.A nucleic acid melting assay was utilized to investigate why cyc-A prefers to be paired with guanine.a^(6)A-seq was utilized to study cellular gene expression changes under a methionine-free stress condition.Compared with regular RNA-seq,a^(6)A-seq could more sensitively detect the change of mRNA production over a time scale.The experiment of a^(6)Acontaining mRNA immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR successfully validated the high-throughput a^(6)A-seq data.Together,our results show a^(6)A-seq is an effective tool to study RNA dynamics.
