In this editorial,we comment on the current development and deployment of data science in intensive care units(ICUs).Data in ICUs can be classified into qualitative and quantitative data with different technologies ne...In this editorial,we comment on the current development and deployment of data science in intensive care units(ICUs).Data in ICUs can be classified into qualitative and quantitative data with different technologies needed to translate and interpret them.Data science,in the form of artificial intelligence(AI),should find the right interaction between physicians,data and algorithm.For individual patients and physicians,sepsis and mechanical ventilation have been two important aspects where AI has been extensively studied.However,major risks of bias,lack of generalizability and poor clinical values remain.AI deployment in the ICUs should be emphasized more to facilitate AI development.For ICU management,AI has a huge potential in transforming resource allocation.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has given opportunities to establish such systems which should be investigated further.Ethical concerns must be addressed when designing such AI.展开更多
This study aimed to assess the role of prostate-specific antigen density(PSAD)and negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(mpMRI)in predicting prostate cancer for biopsy-naive men based on a large cohort of...This study aimed to assess the role of prostate-specific antigen density(PSAD)and negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(mpMRI)in predicting prostate cancer for biopsy-naive men based on a large cohort of the Chinese population.From a prostate biopsy database between March 2017 and July 2021,we retrospectively identified 240 biopsy-naive patients with negative prebiopsy mpMRI(Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2[PI-RADS v2]score<3).Logistic regression analysis was performed to select the potential predictors for clinically significant prostate cancer(csPCa).Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis and area under the ROC curve(AUC)were performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy.The negative predictive values of mpMRI in excluding any cancer and csPCa were 83.8%(201/240)and 90.8%(218/240),respectively.R0C curve analysis indicated that PSAD was the most promising predictor,with an AUC value of 0.786(95%confidence interval[CI]:0.699-0.874),and multiparametric logistic regression analysis confirmed that higher PSAD remained a significant marker for predicting csPCa(odds ratio[0R]:10.99,95%CI:2.75-44.02,P<0.001).Combining negative mpMRI and PSAD below 0.20 ng ml^(-2)obviously increased the predictive value in excluding PCa(91.0%,101/111)or csPCa(100.0%,111/111).If a PSAD below 0.20 ng ml^(-2)was set as the criterion to omit biopsy,nearly 46.3%of patients(463 per 1000)with negative mpMRI could safely avoid unnecessary biopsy,with approximately 4.2%of patients(42 per 1000)at risk of missed diagnosis of PCa and no patients with csPCa missed.A PI-RADS v2 score<3 and a PSAD<0.20 ng ml^(-2)could be potential criteria for the Chinese population to omit prompt biopsy safely.展开更多
As a fundamental characteristic of physical entities,wave-particle duality describes whether a microscopic entity exhibits wave or particle attributes depending on the specific experimental setup.This assumption is pr...As a fundamental characteristic of physical entities,wave-particle duality describes whether a microscopic entity exhibits wave or particle attributes depending on the specific experimental setup.This assumption is premised on the notion that physical properties are inseparable from the objective carrier.However,after the concept of the quantum Cheshire cats was proposed,which makes the separation of physical attributes from the entity possible,the premise no longer holds.Furthermore,an experimental demonstration of the separation of the wave and particle attributes inspired by this scenario remains scarce.In this work,we experimentally separated the wave and particle attributes of a single photon by exploiting the quantum Cheshire cat concept for the first time.By applying a weak disturbance to the evolution of the system,we achieve an effect similar to the quantum Cheshire cat and demonstrated the separation of the wave and particle attributes via the extraction of weak values.Our work provides a new perspective for the in-depth understanding of wave-particle duality and promotes the application of weak measurements in fundamentals of quantum mechanics.展开更多
To reduce treatment-related side effects in low-risk prostate cancer(PCa),both focal therapy and deferred treatments,including active surveillance(AS)and watchful waiting(WW),are worth considering over radical prostat...To reduce treatment-related side effects in low-risk prostate cancer(PCa),both focal therapy and deferred treatments,including active surveillance(AS)and watchful waiting(WW),are worth considering over radical prostatectomy(RP).Therefore,this study aimed to compare long-term survival outcomes between focal therapy and AS/WW.Data were obtained and analyzed from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Patients with low-risk PCa who received focal therapy or AS/WW from 2010 to 2016 were included.Focal therapy included cryotherapy and laser ablation.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare overall mortality(OM)and cancer-specific mortality(CSM)between AS/WW and focal therapy,and propensity score matching(PSM)was performed to reduce the influence of bias and unmeasured confounders.A total of 19292 patients with low-risk PCa were included in this study.In multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis,the risk of OM was higher in patients receiving focal therapy than those receiving AS/WW(hazard ratio[HR]=1.35,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.02–1.79,P=0.037),whereas no significant difference was found in CSM(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.23–4.11,P=0.977).After PSM,the OM and CSM of focal therapy and AS/WW showed no significant differences(HR=1.26,95%CI:0.92–1.74,P=0.149;and HR=1.26,95%CI:0.24–6.51,P=0.782,respectively).For patients with low-risk PCa,focal therapy was no match for AS/WW in decreasing OM,suggesting that AS/WW could bring more overall survival benefits.展开更多
A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several p...A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several physical qubits, enable to the output of a higher probability of correct logical qubits under the presence of errors. However, strict requirements to encode qubits and operators render the implementation of a full fault-tolerant computation challenging even for the achievable noisy intermediate-scale quantum technology. Especially the threshold for fault-tolerant computation still lacks experimental verification. Here, based on an all-optical setup, we experimentally demonstrate the existence of the threshold for the fault-tolerant protocol. Four physical qubits are represented as the spatial modes of two entangled photons, which are used to encode two logical qubits. The experimental results clearly show that when the error rate is below the threshold, the probability of correct output in the circuit, formed with fault-tolerant gates, is higher than that in the corresponding non-encoded circuit. In contrast, when the error rate is above the threshold, no advantage is observed in the fault-tolerant implementation. The developed high-accuracy optical system may provide a reliable platform to investigate error propagation in more complex circuits with fault-tolerant gates.展开更多
Prostate cancer(PCa)is the second-most common cancer among men.Both active surveillance or watchful waiting(AS/WW)and focal laser ablation(FLA)can avoid the complications caused by radical treatment.How to make the ch...Prostate cancer(PCa)is the second-most common cancer among men.Both active surveillance or watchful waiting(AS/WW)and focal laser ablation(FLA)can avoid the complications caused by radical treatment.How to make the choice between these options in clinical practice needs further study.Therefore,this study aims to compare and analyze their effects based on overall survival(OS)and cancer-specific survival(CSS)to obtain better long-term benefits.We included patients with low-risk PCa from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database of 2010–2016.Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted for OS and CSS in the two groups.To eliminate bias,this study applied a series of sensitivity analyses.Moreover,Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to obtain survival status.A total of 18841 patients with low-risk PCa were included,with a median of 36-month follow-up.According to the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression,the FLA group presented inferior survival benefits in OS than the AS/WW group(hazard ratio[HR]:2.13,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.37–3.33,P<0.05).After adjusting for confounders,the result persisted(HR:1.69,95%CI:1.02–2.81,P<0.05).According to the results of the sensitivity analysis,the inverse probability of the treatment weighing model indicated the same result in OS.In conclusion,AS/WW and FLA have the advantage of fewer side effects and the benefit of avoiding overtreatment compared with standard treatment.Our study suggested that AS/WW provides more survival benefits for patients with low-risk PCa.More relevant researches and data will be needed for further clarity.展开更多
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the current development and deployment of data science in intensive care units(ICUs).Data in ICUs can be classified into qualitative and quantitative data with different technologies needed to translate and interpret them.Data science,in the form of artificial intelligence(AI),should find the right interaction between physicians,data and algorithm.For individual patients and physicians,sepsis and mechanical ventilation have been two important aspects where AI has been extensively studied.However,major risks of bias,lack of generalizability and poor clinical values remain.AI deployment in the ICUs should be emphasized more to facilitate AI development.For ICU management,AI has a huge potential in transforming resource allocation.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has given opportunities to establish such systems which should be investigated further.Ethical concerns must be addressed when designing such AI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.81974099,82170785,81974098,82170784)programs from Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(grant No.21GJHZ0246)+2 种基金Young Investigator Award of Sichuan University 2017(grant No.2017SCU04A17)Technology Innovation Research and Development Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau(No.2019-YF05-00296-SN)Sichuan University-Panzhihua science and technology cooperation special fund(No.2020CDPZH-4).
文摘This study aimed to assess the role of prostate-specific antigen density(PSAD)and negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(mpMRI)in predicting prostate cancer for biopsy-naive men based on a large cohort of the Chinese population.From a prostate biopsy database between March 2017 and July 2021,we retrospectively identified 240 biopsy-naive patients with negative prebiopsy mpMRI(Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2[PI-RADS v2]score<3).Logistic regression analysis was performed to select the potential predictors for clinically significant prostate cancer(csPCa).Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis and area under the ROC curve(AUC)were performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy.The negative predictive values of mpMRI in excluding any cancer and csPCa were 83.8%(201/240)and 90.8%(218/240),respectively.R0C curve analysis indicated that PSAD was the most promising predictor,with an AUC value of 0.786(95%confidence interval[CI]:0.699-0.874),and multiparametric logistic regression analysis confirmed that higher PSAD remained a significant marker for predicting csPCa(odds ratio[0R]:10.99,95%CI:2.75-44.02,P<0.001).Combining negative mpMRI and PSAD below 0.20 ng ml^(-2)obviously increased the predictive value in excluding PCa(91.0%,101/111)or csPCa(100.0%,111/111).If a PSAD below 0.20 ng ml^(-2)was set as the criterion to omit biopsy,nearly 46.3%of patients(463 per 1000)with negative mpMRI could safely avoid unnecessary biopsy,with approximately 4.2%of patients(42 per 1000)at risk of missed diagnosis of PCa and no patients with csPCa missed.A PI-RADS v2 score<3 and a PSAD<0.20 ng ml^(-2)could be potential criteria for the Chinese population to omit prompt biopsy safely.
基金supported by the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Nos.2021ZD0301200 and 2021ZD0301400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11821404,61725504,U19A2075,61975195,11875167,12275136,and 12075001)+1 种基金Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies(Grant No.AHY060300)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK2030380017).
文摘As a fundamental characteristic of physical entities,wave-particle duality describes whether a microscopic entity exhibits wave or particle attributes depending on the specific experimental setup.This assumption is premised on the notion that physical properties are inseparable from the objective carrier.However,after the concept of the quantum Cheshire cats was proposed,which makes the separation of physical attributes from the entity possible,the premise no longer holds.Furthermore,an experimental demonstration of the separation of the wave and particle attributes inspired by this scenario remains scarce.In this work,we experimentally separated the wave and particle attributes of a single photon by exploiting the quantum Cheshire cat concept for the first time.By applying a weak disturbance to the evolution of the system,we achieve an effect similar to the quantum Cheshire cat and demonstrated the separation of the wave and particle attributes via the extraction of weak values.Our work provides a new perspective for the in-depth understanding of wave-particle duality and promotes the application of weak measurements in fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(SQ2017YFSF090096)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81770756)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2017HH0063)。
文摘To reduce treatment-related side effects in low-risk prostate cancer(PCa),both focal therapy and deferred treatments,including active surveillance(AS)and watchful waiting(WW),are worth considering over radical prostatectomy(RP).Therefore,this study aimed to compare long-term survival outcomes between focal therapy and AS/WW.Data were obtained and analyzed from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Patients with low-risk PCa who received focal therapy or AS/WW from 2010 to 2016 were included.Focal therapy included cryotherapy and laser ablation.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare overall mortality(OM)and cancer-specific mortality(CSM)between AS/WW and focal therapy,and propensity score matching(PSM)was performed to reduce the influence of bias and unmeasured confounders.A total of 19292 patients with low-risk PCa were included in this study.In multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis,the risk of OM was higher in patients receiving focal therapy than those receiving AS/WW(hazard ratio[HR]=1.35,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.02–1.79,P=0.037),whereas no significant difference was found in CSM(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.23–4.11,P=0.977).After PSM,the OM and CSM of focal therapy and AS/WW showed no significant differences(HR=1.26,95%CI:0.92–1.74,P=0.149;and HR=1.26,95%CI:0.24–6.51,P=0.782,respectively).For patients with low-risk PCa,focal therapy was no match for AS/WW in decreasing OM,suggesting that AS/WW could bring more overall survival benefits.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0304100)Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Nos.2021ZD0301200,2021ZD0301400)+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61725504,U19A2075,61805227,61975195,12022401,62075207,11874343,11774335,and 11821404)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.QYZDY-SSW-SLH003)Science Foundation of the CAS(No.ZDRW-XH-2019-1)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.WK2470000026,WK2030380015,WK2470000030)Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies(Nos.AHY020100 and AHY060300)CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association(No.2020447).
文摘A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several physical qubits, enable to the output of a higher probability of correct logical qubits under the presence of errors. However, strict requirements to encode qubits and operators render the implementation of a full fault-tolerant computation challenging even for the achievable noisy intermediate-scale quantum technology. Especially the threshold for fault-tolerant computation still lacks experimental verification. Here, based on an all-optical setup, we experimentally demonstrate the existence of the threshold for the fault-tolerant protocol. Four physical qubits are represented as the spatial modes of two entangled photons, which are used to encode two logical qubits. The experimental results clearly show that when the error rate is below the threshold, the probability of correct output in the circuit, formed with fault-tolerant gates, is higher than that in the corresponding non-encoded circuit. In contrast, when the error rate is above the threshold, no advantage is observed in the fault-tolerant implementation. The developed high-accuracy optical system may provide a reliable platform to investigate error propagation in more complex circuits with fault-tolerant gates.
文摘Prostate cancer(PCa)is the second-most common cancer among men.Both active surveillance or watchful waiting(AS/WW)and focal laser ablation(FLA)can avoid the complications caused by radical treatment.How to make the choice between these options in clinical practice needs further study.Therefore,this study aims to compare and analyze their effects based on overall survival(OS)and cancer-specific survival(CSS)to obtain better long-term benefits.We included patients with low-risk PCa from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database of 2010–2016.Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted for OS and CSS in the two groups.To eliminate bias,this study applied a series of sensitivity analyses.Moreover,Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to obtain survival status.A total of 18841 patients with low-risk PCa were included,with a median of 36-month follow-up.According to the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression,the FLA group presented inferior survival benefits in OS than the AS/WW group(hazard ratio[HR]:2.13,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.37–3.33,P<0.05).After adjusting for confounders,the result persisted(HR:1.69,95%CI:1.02–2.81,P<0.05).According to the results of the sensitivity analysis,the inverse probability of the treatment weighing model indicated the same result in OS.In conclusion,AS/WW and FLA have the advantage of fewer side effects and the benefit of avoiding overtreatment compared with standard treatment.Our study suggested that AS/WW provides more survival benefits for patients with low-risk PCa.More relevant researches and data will be needed for further clarity.
