Metasurfaces,composed of planar arrays of intricately designed meta-atom structures,possess remarkable capabilities in controlling electromagnetic waves in various ways.A critical aspect of metasurface design involves...Metasurfaces,composed of planar arrays of intricately designed meta-atom structures,possess remarkable capabilities in controlling electromagnetic waves in various ways.A critical aspect of metasurface design involves selecting suitable meta-atoms to achieve target functionalities such as phase retardation,amplitude modulation,and polarization conversion.Conventional design processes often involve extensive parameter sweeping,a laborious and computationally intensive task heavily reliant on designer expertise and judgement.Here,we present an efficient genetic algorithm assisted meta-atom optimization method for high-performance metasurface optics,which is compatible to both single-and multiobjective device design tasks.We first employ the method for a single-objective design task and implement a high-efficiency Pancharatnam-Berry phase based metalens with an average focusing efficiency exceeding 80%in the visible spectrum.We then employ the method for a dual-objective metasurface design task and construct an efficient spin-multiplexed structural beam generator.The device is capable of generating zeroth-order and first-order Bessel beams respectively under right-handed and left-handed circular polarized illumination,with associated generation efficiencies surpassing 88%.Finally,we implement a wavelength and spin co-multiplexed four-channel metahologram capable of projecting two spin-multiplexed holographic images under each operational wavelength,with efficiencies over 50%.Our work offers a streamlined and easy-to-implement approach to meta-atom design and optimization,empowering designers to create diverse high-performance and multifunctional metasurface optics.展开更多
AIM:To elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of gastric stump cancer(GSC).METHODS:The clinical data for 92 patients with GSC were collected at Hehai University Shanghai Cancer Center...AIM:To elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of gastric stump cancer(GSC).METHODS:The clinical data for 92 patients with GSC were collected at Hehai University Shanghai Cancer Center.The prognostic factors were analyzed with Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTS:GSC tended to occur within 25 years following the primary surgery,when the initial disease is benign,whereas it primarily occurred within the first15 years post-operation for gastric cancer.Patients with regular follow-up after primary surgery had a better survival rate.The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that Borrmann type?Ⅰ/Ⅱ(HR=3.165,95%CI:1.055-9.500,P=0.040)and radical resection(HR=1.780,95%CI:1.061-2.987,P=0.029)were independent prognostic factors for GSC.The overall 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rates of the 92 patients were78.3%,45.6%and 27.6%,respectively.The 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rates of those undergoing radical resection were 79.3%,52.2%,and 37.8%,respectively.The 5-year survival rates for stages?Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣwere 85.7%,47.4%,16.0%,and 13.3%,respectively(P=0.005).CONCLUSION:The appearance of GSC occurs sooner in patients with primary malignant cancer than in patients with a primary benign disease.Therefore,close follow-up is necessary.The overall survival of patients with GSC is poor,and curative resection can improve their prognosis.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to develop and validate a risk scoring system to identify high-risk individuals carrying malignant lesions in stomach for tailored gastric cancer screening.Methods:A gastric cancer risk scor...Objective:This study aimed to develop and validate a risk scoring system to identify high-risk individuals carrying malignant lesions in stomach for tailored gastric cancer screening.Methods:A gastric cancer risk scoring system(GC-RSS)was developed based on questionnaire-based predictors for gastric cancer derived from systematic literature review.To assess the capability of this system for discrimination,risk scores for 8,214 and 7,235 outpatient subjects accepting endoscopic examination in two endoscopy centers,and 32,630 participants in a community-based cohort in China were calculated to plot receiver operating characteristic curves and generate area under the curve(AUC).To evaluate the performance of GC-RSS,the screening proportion,sensitivity and detection rate ratio compared to universal screening were used under different risk score cutoff values.Results:GC-RSS comprised nine predictors including advanced age,male gender,low body mass index(<18.5 kg/m^(2)),family history of gastric cancer,cigarette smoking,consumption of alcohol,preference for salty food,irregularity of meals and consumption of preserved food.This tool performed well in determining the risk of malignant gastric lesions with AUCs of 0.763,0.706 and 0.696 in three validation sets.When subjects with risk scores≥5 were evaluated with endoscopy,nearly 50%of these endoscopies could be saved with a detection rate of over 1.5 times achieved.When the cutoff was set at 8,only about 10%of subjects with the highest risk would be offered endoscopy,and detection rates for gastric cancer could be increased 2-4 fold compared to universal screening.Conclusions:An effective questionnaire-based GC-RSS was developed and validated.This tool may play an important role in establishing a tailored screening strategy for gastric cancer in China.展开更多
Objective:We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of oral microbiome with malignant esophageal lesions and its predictive potential as a biomarker of risk.Methods:We conducted a case-control study nested wi...Objective:We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of oral microbiome with malignant esophageal lesions and its predictive potential as a biomarker of risk.Methods:We conducted a case-control study nested within a population-based cohort with up to 8 visits of oral swab collection for each subject over an 11-year period in a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in China.The oral microbiome was evaluated with 16 S ribosomal RNA(rRNA)gene sequencing in 428 pre-diagnostic oral specimens from 84 cases with esophageal lesions of severe squamous dysplasia and above(SDA)and 168 matched healthy controls.DESeq analysis was performed to identify taxa of differential abundance.Differential oral species together with subject characteristics were evaluated for their potential in predicting SDA risk by constructing conditional logistic regression models.Results:A total of 125 taxa including 37 named species showed significantly different abundance between SDA cases and controls(all P<0.05&false discovery rate-adjusted Q<0.10).A multivariate logistic model including 11 SDA lesion-related species and family history of esophageal cancer provided an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)of 0.89(95%CI,0.84-0.93).Cross-validation and sensitivity analysis,excluding cases diagnosed within 1 year of collection of the baseline specimen and their matched controls,or restriction to screenendoscopic-detected or clinically diagnosed case-control triads,or using only bacterial data measured at the baseline,yielded AUCs>0.84.Conclusions:The oral microbiome may play an etiological and predictive role in esophageal cancer,and it holds promise as a non-invasive early warning biomarker for risk stratification for esophageal cancer screening programs.展开更多
Objective： There have been few population-based studies evaluating health related quality of life（HRQOL） in rural populations in China, and this study aimed to assess the current status of and risk factors for HRQO...Objective： There have been few population-based studies evaluating health related quality of life（HRQOL） in rural populations in China, and this study aimed to assess the current status of and risk factors for HRQOL in a general rural population in high risk region of esophageal cancer in China.Methods： From November 2015 to September 2016, 12,085 permanent residents aged 45–69 years from 257 villages in the Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal Cancer in China（ESECC） trial（Clinical Trials.gov：NCT01688908） randomly selected from Hua County, Henan Province, China were interviewed. The EQ-5 D-3 L,a generic measure of HRQOL, and a questionnaire were used to assess their HRQOL and potential risk factors.Results： Among all the participants, 30.62% of the participants reported problems in at least one EQ-5 D dimension. Pain/discomfort（25.52%） was the most frequently reported problem followed by anxiety/depression（7.97%）, mobility（5.82%）, usual activities（2.61%） and self-care（1%）. These rural residents had a mean EQ-5 D index score of 0.948, and lower EQ-5 D index scores were associated with older age, female gender, lower levels of household annual per capita income, living alone, using shallow wells as main source of drinking water, exposure to family members smoking, testiness, unhealthy dietary habits, overweight or obesity, upper gastrointestinal cancer related symptoms and chronic diseases.Conclusions： Rural residents in China have a relatively low quality of life. Health promotion programs in this population should focus on the elderly, especially elderly women and the elderly living alone. Improving basic living circumstances and primary medical care services should be priorities. Results of this study will also serve as the basis for the cost-utility evaluation in our ESECC screening trial.展开更多
As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combin...As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combined effects of NAO and WP on East Asian(EA)temperature,the NAO and WP indices are divided into four phases from 1980−2021:the positive NAO and WP phase(NAO+/WP+),the negative NAO and WP phase(NAO−/WP−),the positive NAO and negative WP phase(NAO+/WP−),the negative NAO and positive WP phase(NAO−/WP+).In the phase of NAO+/WP+,the low geopotential height(GH)stays in north of EA at 50°−80°N;the surface air temperature anomaly(SATA)is 0.8−1℃lower than Southern Asian.In the phase of NAO−/WP−,the center of high temperature and GH locate in the northeast of EA;the cold air spreads to Southern Asia,causing the SATA decreases 1−1.5℃.In the phase of NAO+/WP−,the high GH belt is formed at 55°−80°N.Meanwhile,the center of high SATA locates in the north of Asia that increases 0.8−1.1℃.The cold airflow causes temperature dropping 0.5−1℃in the south of EA.The SATA improves 0.5−1.5℃in south of EA in the phase of NAO−/WP+.The belt of high GH is formed at 25°−50°N,and blocks the cold air which from Siberia.The NAO and WP generate two warped plate pressure structures in NH,and affect the temperature by different pressure configurations.NAO and WP form different GH,and GH acts to block and push airflow by affecting the air pressure,then causes the temperature to be different from the north and south of EA.Finally,the multiple linear regression result shows that NAO and WP are weakened by each other such as the phase of NAO+/WP+and NAO−/WP−.展开更多
Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared by graft polymerization of chitosan and N-isopropylacrylamide via 60 Co ?-radiation. The effects of monomer concentration and total irradiation dose on percent grafting and graf...Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared by graft polymerization of chitosan and N-isopropylacrylamide via 60 Co ?-radiation. The effects of monomer concentration and total irradiation dose on percent grafting and grafting efficiency were studied. The thermosensitivity and swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated.展开更多
The problem of optimal aeroassisted symmetric transfer between elliptical orbits is concerned.The complete trajectory is assumed as consisting of two impulsive velocity changes at the beginning and the end of an inter...The problem of optimal aeroassisted symmetric transfer between elliptical orbits is concerned.The complete trajectory is assumed as consisting of two impulsive velocity changes at the beginning and the end of an interior atmospheric subarc,where the vehicle is controlled via the lift coefficient and thrust.The corresponding dynamic equations are built and bounded controls are considered.For the purpose of optimization computation,the equations are normalized.In order to minimize the total fuel consumption,the geocentric radius of initial elliptical transfer orbital perigee and controls during atmospheric flight should all be optimized.It is an optimal control problem which involves additional parameter optimization.To solve the problem,a two-level optimization method denoted by ＂genetic algorithm ＋ Gauss pseudospectral method＂ is adopted：the genetic algorithm is used for parameter optimization and the Gauss pseudospectral method is used for optimal control problems.The flow chart of simulation is given.On this basis,the issue of more realistic modeling with two finite-thrust subarcs in the nonatmospheric part of the trajectory is simultaneously addressed.The orbital transfer problem is transformed to three continuous optimal control problems,and the constraints at different times are given,which are respectively solved by using the Gauss pseudospectral method.The obtained numerical results indicate that the optimal thrust control is of bangbang type.The minimum-fuel trajectory in the atmosphere consists of aeroglide,aerocruise and aeroglide.They are compared with the results of pure impulsive model,and the conclusions that a significant fuel saving will be achieved by synergetic maneuver are drawn.展开更多
An adaptive repetitive control scheme is presented for a class of nonlinearly parameterized systems based on the fuzzy basis function network （FBFN）. The parameters of the fuzzy rules are tuned with adaptive schemes...An adaptive repetitive control scheme is presented for a class of nonlinearly parameterized systems based on the fuzzy basis function network （FBFN）. The parameters of the fuzzy rules are tuned with adaptive schemes. To attenuate chattering effectively, the discontinuous control term is approximated by an adaptive PI control structure. The bound of the discontinuous control term is assumed to be unknown and estimated by an adaptive mechanism. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive repetitive control law is proposed to guarantee the closed-loop stability and the tracking performance. By means of FBFNs, which avoid the nonlinear parameterization from entering into the adaptive repetitive control, the controller singularity problem is solved. The proposed approach does not require an exact structure of the system dynamics, and the proposed controller is utilized to control a model of permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor subject to significant disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of photodynamic therapy(PDT)on the expression of Nav1.7 in spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons.Methods The primary DRG neurons from newborn SD rats were c...Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of photodynamic therapy(PDT)on the expression of Nav1.7 in spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons.Methods The primary DRG neurons from newborn SD rats were cultured.The cells were identified by neuron-specific enolase immunofluorescence staining.DRG neurons were divided into four groups:control group,photosensitizer group,laser group,and PDT group.The cell viability was detected by a cell counting kit-8(CCK8)assay.qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons.Results The purity of the cultured primary DRG neurons was greater than 90%.Compared with the control group,no significant change was found in the cell viability of the photosensitizer group,while the viability in the laser group and the PDT group was significantly reduced.The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 were significantly greater in the laser group and the PDT group than in the control group.At the same time,the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 were greater in the laser group than in the PDT group.Conclusion Both laser and PDT could upregulate the expression of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons,and the promoting effect might be related to the pain induced by clinical treatment.This study provides a research basis for the use of laser and PDT to treat pain.A better understanding of the relationship between Nav1.7 and PDT can help clinicians better manage PDT-related pain.展开更多
Ascites syndrome is still a problem for chicken industry in various parts of the world. Despite the intensive investigations of this syndrome for many years, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this stu...Ascites syndrome is still a problem for chicken industry in various parts of the world. Despite the intensive investigations of this syndrome for many years, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze the difference in hepatic proteomics between ascites and healthy broilers by two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）. Changes of biochemical parameters of liver and blood were also determined. The results indicated that red blood cell counts （RBC）, hematocrit （HCT） and haemoglobin （HGB） of ascites broilers were significantly greater than healthy broilers. Hepatic malondialdehyde （MDA） level of ascites broilers was significantly increased, and the activity of total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） was significantly decreased. Hepatic lactic acid （LD） level of ascitic broilers were significantly lower than healthy ones, Serum glucose and cholesterol level of ascites broilers were significantly increased, and serum globulin level was significantly decreased in ascites broilers. There was no significant difference in triglyceride （TG） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） level. The activity of liver hexokinase （HK） and succinodehydrogenase （SDH） in ascites broilers was significantly decreased, and there was no significant difference in the activity of liver pyruvate kinase （PK） and Na＋-K＋-ATPase. The hepatic proteomics analysis showed that 18 proteins expression difference were identified between ascites and healthy broilers. These proteins were mainly involved in： 1） cytoskeleton; 2） glucose, lipids and amino acid metabolism; 3） cell secretion; 4） cell apoptosis; 5） signal transduction; 6） immune and inflammatory response; and 7） cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial isoform phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase （M-PEPCK） mainly participates in gluconeogenesis of chicken liver. In conclusion, liver oxidative damage was significantly aggravated, but antioxidant capacity was decreased in cold-induced ascites broilers. Serum glucose level was significantly increased, with liver M-PEPCK expression higher in ascites broilers, which implied that some potential regulatory reagents may reduce ascites susceptibility and mortality under cold temperature by increasing liver gluconeogenesis level.展开更多
In the last five years,great progress has been made in cloud computing,es pecially in virtualization,standardization,and automation.This has result ed in numerous cloud services,such as Infrastructure as a Service,Pla...In the last five years,great progress has been made in cloud computing,es pecially in virtualization,standardization,and automation.This has result ed in numerous cloud services,such as Infrastructure as a Service,Plat form as a Service,and Software as a Service.Many cloud technologies have matured and have been commercialized.However,issues such as information security,mobility,energy efficiency,and infrastructure optimization are becoming more serious.The key causes of these issues are increased scale of data centers,convergence of IT and CT,increased user concern about information security,展开更多
By using the technique of the split Hopkinson pressure bar（ SHPB）,impact tests at different stress wavelengths（ 0. 8-2. 0 m） and strain rates（ 20-120 s^（-1）） were conducted to study the dynamic mechanical prop...By using the technique of the split Hopkinson pressure bar（ SHPB）,impact tests at different stress wavelengths（ 0. 8-2. 0 m） and strain rates（ 20-120 s^（-1）） were conducted to study the dynamic mechanical properties and damage accumulation evolution lawof granite. Test results showthat the dynamic compressive strength and strain rate of granite have a significantly exponential correlation;the relationship between peak strain and strain rate is approximately linear,and the increase of wavelengths generally makes the level of peak strain uplift. The multiple-impacts test at a lowstrain rate indicates that at the same wavelength,the cumulative damage of granite shows an exponential increasing form with the increase of strain rate; when keeping the increase of strain rate constant and increasing the stress wavelength,the damage accumulation effect of granite is intensified and still shows an exponential increasing form; under the effect of multiple impacts,the damage development trend of granite is similar overall,but the increase rate is accelerating. Therefore the damage evolution model was established on the basis of the exponential function while the physical meaning of parameters in the model was determined. The model can reflect the effect of the wave parameters and multiple impacts. The validity of the model and the physical meaning of the parameters were verified by the test,which further offer a reference for correlational research and engineering application for the granite.展开更多
The authors regret to inform that the image in Fig.8 G was selected by mistake.The correct form of this figure is as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience we caused and state that this correction does not ...The authors regret to inform that the image in Fig.8 G was selected by mistake.The correct form of this figure is as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience we caused and state that this correction does not change the scientific conclusions of the article.展开更多
Postoperative anatomical reconstruction and prevention of local recurrence after tumor resection are two vital clinical challenges in osteosarcoma treatment.A three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffold(3DTi...Postoperative anatomical reconstruction and prevention of local recurrence after tumor resection are two vital clinical challenges in osteosarcoma treatment.A three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffold(3DTi)is an ideal material for reconstructing critical bone defects with numerous advantages over traditional implants,including a lower elasticity modulus,stronger bone-implant interlock,and larger drug-loading space.Simvastatin is a multitarget drug with anti-tumor and osteogenic potential;however,its efficiency is unsatisfactory when delivered systematically.Here,simvastatin was loaded into a 3DTi using a thermosensitive poly(lactic-co-gly-colic)acid(PLGA)-polyethylene glycol(PEG)-PLGA hydrogel as a carrier to exert anti-osteosarcoma and oste-ogenic effects.Newly constructed simvastatin/hydrogel-loaded 3DTi(Sim-3DTi)was comprehensively appraised,and its newfound anti-osteosarcoma mechanism was explained.Specifically,in a bone defect model of rabbit condyles,Sim-3DTi exhibited enhanced osteogenesis,bone in-growth,and osseointegration compared with 3DTi alone,with greater bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression.In our nude mice model,simvastatin loading reduced tumor volume by 59%-77%without organic damage,implying good anti-osteosarcoma activity and biosafety.Furthermore,Sim-3DTi induced ferroptosis by upregulating transferrin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 levels in osteosarcoma both in vivo and in vitro.Sim-3DTi is a promising osteogenic bone substitute for osteosarcoma-related bone defects,with a ferroptosis-mediated anti-osteosarcoma effect.展开更多
The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor–IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons(IFNs),which are essential for antiviral immune responses.However,the inappropriate activation ...The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor–IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons(IFNs),which are essential for antiviral immune responses.However,the inappropriate activation of these signaling pathways is implicated in autoimmune conditions.Here,we report that indomethacin,a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,inhibits nucleic acid-triggered IFN production.We found that both DNA-and RNA-stimulated IFN expression can be effectively blocked by indomethacin.Interestingly,indomethacin also prohibits the nuclear translocation of IRF3 following cytosolic nucleic acid recognition.Importantly,in cell lines and a mouse model of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome,indomethacin administration blunts self-DNA-induced autoimmune responses.Thus,our study reveals a previously unknown function of indomethacin and provides a potential treatment for cytosolic nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmunity.展开更多
Granitoids and related pegmatitic rare-metal deposits are widespread in China’s Altay region,they used to be considered as Hercynian rocks and mineral deposits.Reported here are the^40Ar^39Ar ages of potassium-rich m...Granitoids and related pegmatitic rare-metal deposits are widespread in China’s Altay region,they used to be considered as Hercynian rocks and mineral deposits.Reported here are the^40Ar^39Ar ages of potassium-rich minerals (muscovite and microcline)in the Koktokay pegmatitic rare-metal orefield and whole-rock as well as quartz fluid-inclusion Rb-Sr isochron ages of granite and ores in the Shangkelan pegmatite rare-metal orefield. The ages indicate that there are Yanshanian Diagenetic Mineralization events happening in China’s Altay orogenic belt and that formation of the famous Koktokay No.3 pegmatitic rare-metal deposit endured about 30 Ma of magmatic crystallization differentiation.展开更多
Brucella abortus is a zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that causes brucelosis in ruminants and humans. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） recognize Brucella abortus and initiate antigen-presenting cell activities that affect...Brucella abortus is a zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that causes brucelosis in ruminants and humans. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） recognize Brucella abortus and initiate antigen-presenting cell activities that affect both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we focused on recombinant Brucella cell-surface protein 31 （rBCSP31） to determine its effects on mouse macrophages. Our results demonstrated that rBCSP31 induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production, which depended on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） by stimulating the rapid phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and the activation of transcription factor NF-KB in macrophages. In addition, continuous exposure （〉24 h） of RAW264.7 cells to rBCSP31 significantly enhanced I FN-y-induced expression of MHC-II and the ability to present rBCSP31 peptide to CD4＋ T cells. Furthermore, we found that rBCSP31 could interact with both TLR2 and TLR4. The rBCSP31-induced cytokine production by macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice was lower than that from C57BL/6 macrophages, and the activation of NF-KB and MAPKs was attenuated in macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. In addition, CD4＋ T cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with rBCSP31 produced higher levels of IFN-y and IL-2 compared with CD4＋ T cells from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. Macrophages from immunized C57BL/6 mice produced higher levels of IL-12p40 than those from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. Furthermore, immunization with rBCSP31 provided better protection in C57BL/6 mice than in TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice after B. abortus 2308 challenge. These results indicate that rBCSP31 is a TLR2 and TLR4 agonist that induces cytokine production, upregulates macrophage function and induces the Thl immune response.展开更多
Using data from 1986-2005, the present paper estimates the impact of direct knowledge spilled over from G-7 countries on China＇s economy. We use telephone line penetration rates andpersonnel flows to estimate the dir...Using data from 1986-2005, the present paper estimates the impact of direct knowledge spilled over from G-7 countries on China＇s economy. We use telephone line penetration rates andpersonnel flows to estimate the direct spillover effect. Our results show that direct knowledge spillovers through telecommunication networks and personnelflows are important components of international R＆D spillovers in China. These direct channels of spillover effectively accelerate China＇s economic growth. Therefore, China should invest more in human capital and in its telecommunication network to enhance the absorptive capacity of direct R＆D spillovers, and to increase communication with other nations, in particular the USA and Japan. More subsidies to domestic R＆D research and purchase of intermediate goods will help to raise China＇s R＆D intensity.展开更多
基金support from the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62075078 and 62135004)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(Grant No.2022010801020095).
文摘Metasurfaces,composed of planar arrays of intricately designed meta-atom structures,possess remarkable capabilities in controlling electromagnetic waves in various ways.A critical aspect of metasurface design involves selecting suitable meta-atoms to achieve target functionalities such as phase retardation,amplitude modulation,and polarization conversion.Conventional design processes often involve extensive parameter sweeping,a laborious and computationally intensive task heavily reliant on designer expertise and judgement.Here,we present an efficient genetic algorithm assisted meta-atom optimization method for high-performance metasurface optics,which is compatible to both single-and multiobjective device design tasks.We first employ the method for a single-objective design task and implement a high-efficiency Pancharatnam-Berry phase based metalens with an average focusing efficiency exceeding 80%in the visible spectrum.We then employ the method for a dual-objective metasurface design task and construct an efficient spin-multiplexed structural beam generator.The device is capable of generating zeroth-order and first-order Bessel beams respectively under right-handed and left-handed circular polarized illumination,with associated generation efficiencies surpassing 88%.Finally,we implement a wavelength and spin co-multiplexed four-channel metahologram capable of projecting two spin-multiplexed holographic images under each operational wavelength,with efficiencies over 50%.Our work offers a streamlined and easy-to-implement approach to meta-atom design and optimization,empowering designers to create diverse high-performance and multifunctional metasurface optics.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81272726Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China,No.20110071120097Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau Research Project,No.20114174
文摘AIM:To elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of gastric stump cancer(GSC).METHODS:The clinical data for 92 patients with GSC were collected at Hehai University Shanghai Cancer Center.The prognostic factors were analyzed with Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTS:GSC tended to occur within 25 years following the primary surgery,when the initial disease is benign,whereas it primarily occurred within the first15 years post-operation for gastric cancer.Patients with regular follow-up after primary surgery had a better survival rate.The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that Borrmann type?Ⅰ/Ⅱ(HR=3.165,95%CI:1.055-9.500,P=0.040)and radical resection(HR=1.780,95%CI:1.061-2.987,P=0.029)were independent prognostic factors for GSC.The overall 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rates of the 92 patients were78.3%,45.6%and 27.6%,respectively.The 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rates of those undergoing radical resection were 79.3%,52.2%,and 37.8%,respectively.The 5-year survival rates for stages?Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣwere 85.7%,47.4%,16.0%,and 13.3%,respectively(P=0.005).CONCLUSION:The appearance of GSC occurs sooner in patients with primary malignant cancer than in patients with a primary benign disease.Therefore,close follow-up is necessary.The overall survival of patients with GSC is poor,and curative resection can improve their prognosis.
基金supported by the National Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2019FY101102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073626,81773501)+5 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0901404)the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project(No.J200016)the Digestive Medical Coordinated Development Center of Beijing Hospitals Authority(No.XXZ0204)the Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme(No.QML20201101)Sanming Project of Shenzhen(No.SZSM201612061)the Beijing Nova Program(No.Z201100006820093)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to develop and validate a risk scoring system to identify high-risk individuals carrying malignant lesions in stomach for tailored gastric cancer screening.Methods:A gastric cancer risk scoring system(GC-RSS)was developed based on questionnaire-based predictors for gastric cancer derived from systematic literature review.To assess the capability of this system for discrimination,risk scores for 8,214 and 7,235 outpatient subjects accepting endoscopic examination in two endoscopy centers,and 32,630 participants in a community-based cohort in China were calculated to plot receiver operating characteristic curves and generate area under the curve(AUC).To evaluate the performance of GC-RSS,the screening proportion,sensitivity and detection rate ratio compared to universal screening were used under different risk score cutoff values.Results:GC-RSS comprised nine predictors including advanced age,male gender,low body mass index(<18.5 kg/m^(2)),family history of gastric cancer,cigarette smoking,consumption of alcohol,preference for salty food,irregularity of meals and consumption of preserved food.This tool performed well in determining the risk of malignant gastric lesions with AUCs of 0.763,0.706 and 0.696 in three validation sets.When subjects with risk scores≥5 were evaluated with endoscopy,nearly 50%of these endoscopies could be saved with a detection rate of over 1.5 times achieved.When the cutoff was set at 8,only about 10%of subjects with the highest risk would be offered endoscopy,and detection rates for gastric cancer could be increased 2-4 fold compared to universal screening.Conclusions:An effective questionnaire-based GC-RSS was developed and validated.This tool may play an important role in establishing a tailored screening strategy for gastric cancer in China.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30930102,82073626,81502855,81773501)the National Key R&D program of China(No.2016YFC0901404)+4 种基金the National Special Programme of Scientific and Technological Resources Investigation(No.2019FY101102)the Digestive Medical Coordinated Development Center of Beijing Hospitals Authority(No.XXZ0204)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7182033)the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospital’s Youth Programme(No.QML20171101)the Science Foundation of Peking University Cancer Hospital(No.2020-7)。
文摘Objective:We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of oral microbiome with malignant esophageal lesions and its predictive potential as a biomarker of risk.Methods:We conducted a case-control study nested within a population-based cohort with up to 8 visits of oral swab collection for each subject over an 11-year period in a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in China.The oral microbiome was evaluated with 16 S ribosomal RNA(rRNA)gene sequencing in 428 pre-diagnostic oral specimens from 84 cases with esophageal lesions of severe squamous dysplasia and above(SDA)and 168 matched healthy controls.DESeq analysis was performed to identify taxa of differential abundance.Differential oral species together with subject characteristics were evaluated for their potential in predicting SDA risk by constructing conditional logistic regression models.Results:A total of 125 taxa including 37 named species showed significantly different abundance between SDA cases and controls(all P<0.05&false discovery rate-adjusted Q<0.10).A multivariate logistic model including 11 SDA lesion-related species and family history of esophageal cancer provided an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)of 0.89(95%CI,0.84-0.93).Cross-validation and sensitivity analysis,excluding cases diagnosed within 1 year of collection of the baseline specimen and their matched controls,or restriction to screenendoscopic-detected or clinically diagnosed case-control triads,or using only bacterial data measured at the baseline,yielded AUCs>0.84.Conclusions:The oral microbiome may play an etiological and predictive role in esophageal cancer,and it holds promise as a non-invasive early warning biomarker for risk stratification for esophageal cancer screening programs.
基金supported by the Charity Project of National Ministry of Health (No. 201202014)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81473033)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2016YFC0901404)the Science Foundation of Peking University Cancer Hospital (No. 2017-4)the Open Project funded by Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing (No. 2017-10)
文摘Objective： There have been few population-based studies evaluating health related quality of life（HRQOL） in rural populations in China, and this study aimed to assess the current status of and risk factors for HRQOL in a general rural population in high risk region of esophageal cancer in China.Methods： From November 2015 to September 2016, 12,085 permanent residents aged 45–69 years from 257 villages in the Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal Cancer in China（ESECC） trial（Clinical Trials.gov：NCT01688908） randomly selected from Hua County, Henan Province, China were interviewed. The EQ-5 D-3 L,a generic measure of HRQOL, and a questionnaire were used to assess their HRQOL and potential risk factors.Results： Among all the participants, 30.62% of the participants reported problems in at least one EQ-5 D dimension. Pain/discomfort（25.52%） was the most frequently reported problem followed by anxiety/depression（7.97%）, mobility（5.82%）, usual activities（2.61%） and self-care（1%）. These rural residents had a mean EQ-5 D index score of 0.948, and lower EQ-5 D index scores were associated with older age, female gender, lower levels of household annual per capita income, living alone, using shallow wells as main source of drinking water, exposure to family members smoking, testiness, unhealthy dietary habits, overweight or obesity, upper gastrointestinal cancer related symptoms and chronic diseases.Conclusions： Rural residents in China have a relatively low quality of life. Health promotion programs in this population should focus on the elderly, especially elderly women and the elderly living alone. Improving basic living circumstances and primary medical care services should be priorities. Results of this study will also serve as the basis for the cost-utility evaluation in our ESECC screening trial.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2022YFE0140500the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41821004 and 42130406+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Fund under contract No.U1906215the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves,Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.KLOCW2003the Project of Doctoral Found of Qingdao University of Science and Technology under contract No.210010022746.
文摘As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combined effects of NAO and WP on East Asian(EA)temperature,the NAO and WP indices are divided into four phases from 1980−2021:the positive NAO and WP phase(NAO+/WP+),the negative NAO and WP phase(NAO−/WP−),the positive NAO and negative WP phase(NAO+/WP−),the negative NAO and positive WP phase(NAO−/WP+).In the phase of NAO+/WP+,the low geopotential height(GH)stays in north of EA at 50°−80°N;the surface air temperature anomaly(SATA)is 0.8−1℃lower than Southern Asian.In the phase of NAO−/WP−,the center of high temperature and GH locate in the northeast of EA;the cold air spreads to Southern Asia,causing the SATA decreases 1−1.5℃.In the phase of NAO+/WP−,the high GH belt is formed at 55°−80°N.Meanwhile,the center of high SATA locates in the north of Asia that increases 0.8−1.1℃.The cold airflow causes temperature dropping 0.5−1℃in the south of EA.The SATA improves 0.5−1.5℃in south of EA in the phase of NAO−/WP+.The belt of high GH is formed at 25°−50°N,and blocks the cold air which from Siberia.The NAO and WP generate two warped plate pressure structures in NH,and affect the temperature by different pressure configurations.NAO and WP form different GH,and GH acts to block and push airflow by affecting the air pressure,then causes the temperature to be different from the north and south of EA.Finally,the multiple linear regression result shows that NAO and WP are weakened by each other such as the phase of NAO+/WP+and NAO−/WP−.
文摘Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared by graft polymerization of chitosan and N-isopropylacrylamide via 60 Co ?-radiation. The effects of monomer concentration and total irradiation dose on percent grafting and grafting efficiency were studied. The thermosensitivity and swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863Program)(2011AA0469)
文摘The problem of optimal aeroassisted symmetric transfer between elliptical orbits is concerned.The complete trajectory is assumed as consisting of two impulsive velocity changes at the beginning and the end of an interior atmospheric subarc,where the vehicle is controlled via the lift coefficient and thrust.The corresponding dynamic equations are built and bounded controls are considered.For the purpose of optimization computation,the equations are normalized.In order to minimize the total fuel consumption,the geocentric radius of initial elliptical transfer orbital perigee and controls during atmospheric flight should all be optimized.It is an optimal control problem which involves additional parameter optimization.To solve the problem,a two-level optimization method denoted by ＂genetic algorithm ＋ Gauss pseudospectral method＂ is adopted：the genetic algorithm is used for parameter optimization and the Gauss pseudospectral method is used for optimal control problems.The flow chart of simulation is given.On this basis,the issue of more realistic modeling with two finite-thrust subarcs in the nonatmospheric part of the trajectory is simultaneously addressed.The orbital transfer problem is transformed to three continuous optimal control problems,and the constraints at different times are given,which are respectively solved by using the Gauss pseudospectral method.The obtained numerical results indicate that the optimal thrust control is of bangbang type.The minimum-fuel trajectory in the atmosphere consists of aeroglide,aerocruise and aeroglide.They are compared with the results of pure impulsive model,and the conclusions that a significant fuel saving will be achieved by synergetic maneuver are drawn.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61203041)the Chinese National Post-doctor Science Foundation (2011M500217)
文摘An adaptive repetitive control scheme is presented for a class of nonlinearly parameterized systems based on the fuzzy basis function network （FBFN）. The parameters of the fuzzy rules are tuned with adaptive schemes. To attenuate chattering effectively, the discontinuous control term is approximated by an adaptive PI control structure. The bound of the discontinuous control term is assumed to be unknown and estimated by an adaptive mechanism. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive repetitive control law is proposed to guarantee the closed-loop stability and the tracking performance. By means of FBFNs, which avoid the nonlinear parameterization from entering into the adaptive repetitive control, the controller singularity problem is solved. The proposed approach does not require an exact structure of the system dynamics, and the proposed controller is utilized to control a model of permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor subject to significant disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.7202200)Central Military Commission Health Care Project(No.20BJZ13)Air Force Equipment Scientific Research Project(No.KJ20201A050226).
文摘Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of photodynamic therapy(PDT)on the expression of Nav1.7 in spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons.Methods The primary DRG neurons from newborn SD rats were cultured.The cells were identified by neuron-specific enolase immunofluorescence staining.DRG neurons were divided into four groups:control group,photosensitizer group,laser group,and PDT group.The cell viability was detected by a cell counting kit-8(CCK8)assay.qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons.Results The purity of the cultured primary DRG neurons was greater than 90%.Compared with the control group,no significant change was found in the cell viability of the photosensitizer group,while the viability in the laser group and the PDT group was significantly reduced.The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 were significantly greater in the laser group and the PDT group than in the control group.At the same time,the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nav1.7 were greater in the laser group than in the PDT group.Conclusion Both laser and PDT could upregulate the expression of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons,and the promoting effect might be related to the pain induced by clinical treatment.This study provides a research basis for the use of laser and PDT to treat pain.A better understanding of the relationship between Nav1.7 and PDT can help clinicians better manage PDT-related pain.
基金financed by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6111002)the Ear-marked Fund for China Agriculture Research System
文摘Ascites syndrome is still a problem for chicken industry in various parts of the world. Despite the intensive investigations of this syndrome for many years, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze the difference in hepatic proteomics between ascites and healthy broilers by two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）. Changes of biochemical parameters of liver and blood were also determined. The results indicated that red blood cell counts （RBC）, hematocrit （HCT） and haemoglobin （HGB） of ascites broilers were significantly greater than healthy broilers. Hepatic malondialdehyde （MDA） level of ascites broilers was significantly increased, and the activity of total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） was significantly decreased. Hepatic lactic acid （LD） level of ascitic broilers were significantly lower than healthy ones, Serum glucose and cholesterol level of ascites broilers were significantly increased, and serum globulin level was significantly decreased in ascites broilers. There was no significant difference in triglyceride （TG） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） level. The activity of liver hexokinase （HK） and succinodehydrogenase （SDH） in ascites broilers was significantly decreased, and there was no significant difference in the activity of liver pyruvate kinase （PK） and Na＋-K＋-ATPase. The hepatic proteomics analysis showed that 18 proteins expression difference were identified between ascites and healthy broilers. These proteins were mainly involved in： 1） cytoskeleton; 2） glucose, lipids and amino acid metabolism; 3） cell secretion; 4） cell apoptosis; 5） signal transduction; 6） immune and inflammatory response; and 7） cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial isoform phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase （M-PEPCK） mainly participates in gluconeogenesis of chicken liver. In conclusion, liver oxidative damage was significantly aggravated, but antioxidant capacity was decreased in cold-induced ascites broilers. Serum glucose level was significantly increased, with liver M-PEPCK expression higher in ascites broilers, which implied that some potential regulatory reagents may reduce ascites susceptibility and mortality under cold temperature by increasing liver gluconeogenesis level.
文摘In the last five years,great progress has been made in cloud computing,es pecially in virtualization,standardization,and automation.This has result ed in numerous cloud services,such as Infrastructure as a Service,Plat form as a Service,and Software as a Service.Many cloud technologies have matured and have been commercialized.However,issues such as information security,mobility,energy efficiency,and infrastructure optimization are becoming more serious.The key causes of these issues are increased scale of data centers,convergence of IT and CT,increased user concern about information security,
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies Research&Development Program(2017YFC0804607)the National Key Basic Research Development Plan(973 Proect)(2014CB047000)
文摘By using the technique of the split Hopkinson pressure bar（ SHPB）,impact tests at different stress wavelengths（ 0. 8-2. 0 m） and strain rates（ 20-120 s^（-1）） were conducted to study the dynamic mechanical properties and damage accumulation evolution lawof granite. Test results showthat the dynamic compressive strength and strain rate of granite have a significantly exponential correlation;the relationship between peak strain and strain rate is approximately linear,and the increase of wavelengths generally makes the level of peak strain uplift. The multiple-impacts test at a lowstrain rate indicates that at the same wavelength,the cumulative damage of granite shows an exponential increasing form with the increase of strain rate; when keeping the increase of strain rate constant and increasing the stress wavelength,the damage accumulation effect of granite is intensified and still shows an exponential increasing form; under the effect of multiple impacts,the damage development trend of granite is similar overall,but the increase rate is accelerating. Therefore the damage evolution model was established on the basis of the exponential function while the physical meaning of parameters in the model was determined. The model can reflect the effect of the wave parameters and multiple impacts. The validity of the model and the physical meaning of the parameters were verified by the test,which further offer a reference for correlational research and engineering application for the granite.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 82272456 and 82202748)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2022M720297).
文摘The authors regret to inform that the image in Fig.8 G was selected by mistake.The correct form of this figure is as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience we caused and state that this correction does not change the scientific conclusions of the article.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 82272456 and 82202748)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2022M720297).
文摘Postoperative anatomical reconstruction and prevention of local recurrence after tumor resection are two vital clinical challenges in osteosarcoma treatment.A three-dimensional(3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffold(3DTi)is an ideal material for reconstructing critical bone defects with numerous advantages over traditional implants,including a lower elasticity modulus,stronger bone-implant interlock,and larger drug-loading space.Simvastatin is a multitarget drug with anti-tumor and osteogenic potential;however,its efficiency is unsatisfactory when delivered systematically.Here,simvastatin was loaded into a 3DTi using a thermosensitive poly(lactic-co-gly-colic)acid(PLGA)-polyethylene glycol(PEG)-PLGA hydrogel as a carrier to exert anti-osteosarcoma and oste-ogenic effects.Newly constructed simvastatin/hydrogel-loaded 3DTi(Sim-3DTi)was comprehensively appraised,and its newfound anti-osteosarcoma mechanism was explained.Specifically,in a bone defect model of rabbit condyles,Sim-3DTi exhibited enhanced osteogenesis,bone in-growth,and osseointegration compared with 3DTi alone,with greater bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression.In our nude mice model,simvastatin loading reduced tumor volume by 59%-77%without organic damage,implying good anti-osteosarcoma activity and biosafety.Furthermore,Sim-3DTi induced ferroptosis by upregulating transferrin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 levels in osteosarcoma both in vivo and in vitro.Sim-3DTi is a promising osteogenic bone substitute for osteosarcoma-related bone defects,with a ferroptosis-mediated anti-osteosarcoma effect.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001690 to H.C.81925017 and 82130052 to T.L.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0707703 to T.Z.and 2020YFA0707702 to T.L.).
文摘The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor–IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons(IFNs),which are essential for antiviral immune responses.However,the inappropriate activation of these signaling pathways is implicated in autoimmune conditions.Here,we report that indomethacin,a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,inhibits nucleic acid-triggered IFN production.We found that both DNA-and RNA-stimulated IFN expression can be effectively blocked by indomethacin.Interestingly,indomethacin also prohibits the nuclear translocation of IRF3 following cytosolic nucleic acid recognition.Importantly,in cell lines and a mouse model of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome,indomethacin administration blunts self-DNA-induced autoimmune responses.Thus,our study reveals a previously unknown function of indomethacin and provides a potential treatment for cytosolic nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmunity.
文摘Granitoids and related pegmatitic rare-metal deposits are widespread in China’s Altay region,they used to be considered as Hercynian rocks and mineral deposits.Reported here are the^40Ar^39Ar ages of potassium-rich minerals (muscovite and microcline)in the Koktokay pegmatitic rare-metal orefield and whole-rock as well as quartz fluid-inclusion Rb-Sr isochron ages of granite and ores in the Shangkelan pegmatite rare-metal orefield. The ages indicate that there are Yanshanian Diagenetic Mineralization events happening in China’s Altay orogenic belt and that formation of the famous Koktokay No.3 pegmatitic rare-metal deposit endured about 30 Ma of magmatic crystallization differentiation.
文摘Brucella abortus is a zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that causes brucelosis in ruminants and humans. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） recognize Brucella abortus and initiate antigen-presenting cell activities that affect both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we focused on recombinant Brucella cell-surface protein 31 （rBCSP31） to determine its effects on mouse macrophages. Our results demonstrated that rBCSP31 induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production, which depended on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） by stimulating the rapid phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and the activation of transcription factor NF-KB in macrophages. In addition, continuous exposure （〉24 h） of RAW264.7 cells to rBCSP31 significantly enhanced I FN-y-induced expression of MHC-II and the ability to present rBCSP31 peptide to CD4＋ T cells. Furthermore, we found that rBCSP31 could interact with both TLR2 and TLR4. The rBCSP31-induced cytokine production by macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice was lower than that from C57BL/6 macrophages, and the activation of NF-KB and MAPKs was attenuated in macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. In addition, CD4＋ T cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with rBCSP31 produced higher levels of IFN-y and IL-2 compared with CD4＋ T cells from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. Macrophages from immunized C57BL/6 mice produced higher levels of IL-12p40 than those from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice. Furthermore, immunization with rBCSP31 provided better protection in C57BL/6 mice than in TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice after B. abortus 2308 challenge. These results indicate that rBCSP31 is a TLR2 and TLR4 agonist that induces cytokine production, upregulates macrophage function and induces the Thl immune response.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70672057 and Grant No. 70272025)
文摘Using data from 1986-2005, the present paper estimates the impact of direct knowledge spilled over from G-7 countries on China＇s economy. We use telephone line penetration rates andpersonnel flows to estimate the direct spillover effect. Our results show that direct knowledge spillovers through telecommunication networks and personnelflows are important components of international R＆D spillovers in China. These direct channels of spillover effectively accelerate China＇s economic growth. Therefore, China should invest more in human capital and in its telecommunication network to enhance the absorptive capacity of direct R＆D spillovers, and to increase communication with other nations, in particular the USA and Japan. More subsidies to domestic R＆D research and purchase of intermediate goods will help to raise China＇s R＆D intensity.
