It has been suggested that forest fires will become more frequent/intense with changing climate,which would increase aerosol/gas emissions into the atmosphere.A better under-standing of the relations between meteorolo...It has been suggested that forest fires will become more frequent/intense with changing climate,which would increase aerosol/gas emissions into the atmosphere.A better under-standing of the relations between meteorological conditions,fires,and fire emissions will help estimate the climate response via forest fires.In this study,we use ERA5 meteor-ological products,including temperature,precipitation,and soil moisture,to explain the frequency of forest fires and the amount of radiant energy released per time unit by burning vegetation(fire radiative power,FRP).We explore the relation-ships between satellite-retrieved fire products and aerosol properties(aerosol optical depth,AOD),carbon monoxide(CO),formaldehyde(HCHO),and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))con-centrations over the PEEX domain,which covers different vegetation zones(e.g.croplands/grasslands,forest,arctic tun-dra)of Pan-Eurasia and China.We analyse the concentrations of black carbon and absorbing organic carbon using groundbased AErosol RObotic NETwork.The analysis covers the months of May to August from 2002 to 2022.We show posi-tive temperature trends in the Northern zone(>65°N)in June and August(1.56°C and 0.64°C,respectively);all statistically significant trends for precipitation and soil moisture are nega-tive.This can explain increased fire activity in Siberia over the recent years(2019-2022).Over the whole PEEX domain,FC and FRP trends remain insignificant or negative;a decrease in AOD may address those negative trends.We show that intrasummer variations exist for cropland/grassland fires,which occur most often in May and August,while Siberian forest fires occur more often in July and August.We show that CO concentration has been gradually decreasing in the last two decades in May and June.CO trends are negative in May,June,and over summer for all regions,in July in Europe,China,the Southern zone(<55°N),and the PEEX domain.HCHO trends are not significant in all regions.NO_(2)trends are positive in May and negative in June in all zones.We calculated total column enhancement ratios for satellite obser-vations influenced by wildfires.A common feature has been recognized with measurements and ratios utilized in SILAM(System for Integrated Modelling of Atmospheric Composition):AOD(or PM):CO and AOD(or PM):HCHO ratios for grass are clearly lower than for shrubs,opposite for AOD:NO_(2).We showed that emission ratios are increasing towards South and are 2-3 times higher for high(>0.5)AOD.Using a 21-year satellite record of the AOD and CO,an 18-year record of NO_(2),and a 16-year record of HCHO,we created background products of those variables over the PEEX domain.In the regions with low anthropogenic activity and conditions where long-range transport is not happening,anomalies in AOD,CO,and HCHO over biomass-burning areas may be assigned directly to the wildfire emissions.展开更多
The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affe...The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affecting the successful development of the environment and societies in the B&R geographical domain.The most urgent risks related to the atmospheric system,to the land system and to hydrospheric and cryospheric processes are changing climate-air quality interactions,air pollution,changing monsoon dynamics,land degradation,and the melting of Tibetan Plateau glaciers.A framework is needed in which a science and technology-based approach has the critical mass and expertise to identify the main steps toward solutions and is capable to implement this roadmap.The Pan-Eurasian Experiment(PEEX)program,initiated in 2012,aims to resolve science,technology and sustainability questions in the Northern Eurasian region.PEEX is now identifying its science agenda for the B&R region.One fundamental element of the PEEX research agenda is the availability of comprehensive ground-based observations together with Earth observation data.PEEX complements the recently launched international scientific program called Digital Belt and Road(DBAR).PEEX has expertise to coordinate the ground-based observations and initiate new flagship stations,while DBAR provides a big data platform on Earth observation from China and countries along the Belt and Road region.The DBAR and PEEX have joint interests and synergy expertise on monitoring on ecological environment,urbanization,cultural heritages,coastal zones,and arctic cold regions supporting the sustainable development of the Belt and Road region.In this paper we identify the research themes of the PEEX related Silk Road agenda relevant to China and give an overview of the methodological requirements and present the infrastructure requirements needed to carry out large scale research program.展开更多
The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while...The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.展开更多
Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sus...Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs)provide framework for the process.We present synthesis on how Station for Measuring Earth Surface-Atmosphere Relations(SMEAR)observation network can contribute to UN SDGs.We describe SMEAR II flagship station in Hyytiälä,Finland.With more than 1200 variables measured in an integrated manner,we can under-stand interactions and feedbacks between biosphere and atmo-sphere.This contributes towards understanding impacts of climate change to natural ecosystems and feedbacks from ecosys-tems to climate.The benefits of SMEAR concept are highlighted through outreach project in Eastern Lapland utilizing SMEAR I observations from Värriöresearch station.In contrast to boreal environment,SMEAR concept was also deployed in Beijing.We underline the benefits of comprehensive observations to gain novel insights into complex interactions between densely popu-lated urban environment and atmosphere.Such observations enable work towards solving air quality problems and improve the quality of life inside megacities.The network of comprehensive stations with various measurements will enable science-based deci-sion making and support sustainable development by providing long-term view on spatio-temporal trends on atmospheric compo-sition and ecosystem parameters.展开更多
The Earth’s cold regions,in particular,the Arctic,Antarctic,and High-Mountain Asia(HMA),are dominated by the changing cryosphere and have inherently fragile environ-ments(Guo,2018;Kulmala,2018;Guo et al.,2020;Li et a...The Earth’s cold regions,in particular,the Arctic,Antarctic,and High-Mountain Asia(HMA),are dominated by the changing cryosphere and have inherently fragile environ-ments(Guo,2018;Kulmala,2018;Guo et al.,2020;Li et al.,2020;Yao et al.,2022;Group on Earth Observations(GEO),2022).Warming has reshaped the regions where the cryo-sphere is located;it has also been affecting water availability in lowland downstream areas,opening up northern sea routes,and affecting the stability of roads and infrastruc-ture in permafrost rich areas(Pulliainen et al.,2019).Changes in the phase of water and its consequences have thus had a major impact on the environment and the lives of billions of people.展开更多
基金This study is realised within the frameworks of the PEEX Programme Science Plan as well as with financial support from the Academy of Finland grant No 337549(Atmosphere and Climate Competence Centre,ACCC).
文摘It has been suggested that forest fires will become more frequent/intense with changing climate,which would increase aerosol/gas emissions into the atmosphere.A better under-standing of the relations between meteorological conditions,fires,and fire emissions will help estimate the climate response via forest fires.In this study,we use ERA5 meteor-ological products,including temperature,precipitation,and soil moisture,to explain the frequency of forest fires and the amount of radiant energy released per time unit by burning vegetation(fire radiative power,FRP).We explore the relation-ships between satellite-retrieved fire products and aerosol properties(aerosol optical depth,AOD),carbon monoxide(CO),formaldehyde(HCHO),and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))con-centrations over the PEEX domain,which covers different vegetation zones(e.g.croplands/grasslands,forest,arctic tun-dra)of Pan-Eurasia and China.We analyse the concentrations of black carbon and absorbing organic carbon using groundbased AErosol RObotic NETwork.The analysis covers the months of May to August from 2002 to 2022.We show posi-tive temperature trends in the Northern zone(>65°N)in June and August(1.56°C and 0.64°C,respectively);all statistically significant trends for precipitation and soil moisture are nega-tive.This can explain increased fire activity in Siberia over the recent years(2019-2022).Over the whole PEEX domain,FC and FRP trends remain insignificant or negative;a decrease in AOD may address those negative trends.We show that intrasummer variations exist for cropland/grassland fires,which occur most often in May and August,while Siberian forest fires occur more often in July and August.We show that CO concentration has been gradually decreasing in the last two decades in May and June.CO trends are negative in May,June,and over summer for all regions,in July in Europe,China,the Southern zone(<55°N),and the PEEX domain.HCHO trends are not significant in all regions.NO_(2)trends are positive in May and negative in June in all zones.We calculated total column enhancement ratios for satellite obser-vations influenced by wildfires.A common feature has been recognized with measurements and ratios utilized in SILAM(System for Integrated Modelling of Atmospheric Composition):AOD(or PM):CO and AOD(or PM):HCHO ratios for grass are clearly lower than for shrubs,opposite for AOD:NO_(2).We showed that emission ratios are increasing towards South and are 2-3 times higher for high(>0.5)AOD.Using a 21-year satellite record of the AOD and CO,an 18-year record of NO_(2),and a 16-year record of HCHO,we created background products of those variables over the PEEX domain.In the regions with low anthropogenic activity and conditions where long-range transport is not happening,anomalies in AOD,CO,and HCHO over biomass-burning areas may be assigned directly to the wildfire emissions.
基金This work was support from the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence[grant number 307331]the Academy of Finland Academy Professor[grant number 307567],ERC Advanced grant[project ID 742206],Digital Belt&Road of CAS Strategic Priority Research Program[grant number XDA19030402]the Academy of Finland projects ABBA No.280700(2014-2017)and ClimEco No.314798/799(2018-2020)and Russian Science Foundation projects No.15-17-20009(2015-2018)and No.15-17-30009(2015-2018).
文摘The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affecting the successful development of the environment and societies in the B&R geographical domain.The most urgent risks related to the atmospheric system,to the land system and to hydrospheric and cryospheric processes are changing climate-air quality interactions,air pollution,changing monsoon dynamics,land degradation,and the melting of Tibetan Plateau glaciers.A framework is needed in which a science and technology-based approach has the critical mass and expertise to identify the main steps toward solutions and is capable to implement this roadmap.The Pan-Eurasian Experiment(PEEX)program,initiated in 2012,aims to resolve science,technology and sustainability questions in the Northern Eurasian region.PEEX is now identifying its science agenda for the B&R region.One fundamental element of the PEEX research agenda is the availability of comprehensive ground-based observations together with Earth observation data.PEEX complements the recently launched international scientific program called Digital Belt and Road(DBAR).PEEX has expertise to coordinate the ground-based observations and initiate new flagship stations,while DBAR provides a big data platform on Earth observation from China and countries along the Belt and Road region.The DBAR and PEEX have joint interests and synergy expertise on monitoring on ecological environment,urbanization,cultural heritages,coastal zones,and arctic cold regions supporting the sustainable development of the Belt and Road region.In this paper we identify the research themes of the PEEX related Silk Road agenda relevant to China and give an overview of the methodological requirements and present the infrastructure requirements needed to carry out large scale research program.
基金supported by RFBR project[18-05-60219](РоссийскийФондФундаментальныхИсследований(РФФИ))The work was funded by Academy of Finland[307537,333397,334792]+1 种基金Belmont Forum(through Academy of Finland project 334792)University of Helsinki.
文摘The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.
基金We acknowledge the following projects:ACCC Flagship funded by the Academy of Finland grant number 337549,Russian Mega Grant project“Megapolis-heat and pollution island:interdisciplinary hydroclimatic,geochemical and ecological analysis”application reference 2020-220-08-5835“Quantifying carbon sink,CarbonSink+and their interaction with air quality”INAR project funded by Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation,European Research Council(ERC)project ATM-GTP Contract No.742206the Arena for the gap analysis of the existing Arctic Science Co-Operations(AASCO)funded by Prince Albert Foundation Contract No.2859.We thank the technical and scientific staff in Värriöand Hyytiälästations.We also would like to thank Dr.Nuria Altimir,University of Helsinki,for the design of the SMEAR station schematic visuals.
文摘Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs)provide framework for the process.We present synthesis on how Station for Measuring Earth Surface-Atmosphere Relations(SMEAR)observation network can contribute to UN SDGs.We describe SMEAR II flagship station in Hyytiälä,Finland.With more than 1200 variables measured in an integrated manner,we can under-stand interactions and feedbacks between biosphere and atmo-sphere.This contributes towards understanding impacts of climate change to natural ecosystems and feedbacks from ecosys-tems to climate.The benefits of SMEAR concept are highlighted through outreach project in Eastern Lapland utilizing SMEAR I observations from Värriöresearch station.In contrast to boreal environment,SMEAR concept was also deployed in Beijing.We underline the benefits of comprehensive observations to gain novel insights into complex interactions between densely popu-lated urban environment and atmosphere.Such observations enable work towards solving air quality problems and improve the quality of life inside megacities.The network of comprehensive stations with various measurements will enable science-based deci-sion making and support sustainable development by providing long-term view on spatio-temporal trends on atmospheric compo-sition and ecosystem parameters.
基金supported by Chinese National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFE0105700)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19070201 and No.XDA19070102).
文摘The Earth’s cold regions,in particular,the Arctic,Antarctic,and High-Mountain Asia(HMA),are dominated by the changing cryosphere and have inherently fragile environ-ments(Guo,2018;Kulmala,2018;Guo et al.,2020;Li et al.,2020;Yao et al.,2022;Group on Earth Observations(GEO),2022).Warming has reshaped the regions where the cryo-sphere is located;it has also been affecting water availability in lowland downstream areas,opening up northern sea routes,and affecting the stability of roads and infrastruc-ture in permafrost rich areas(Pulliainen et al.,2019).Changes in the phase of water and its consequences have thus had a major impact on the environment and the lives of billions of people.
