本研究旨在揭示不同农田管理方式下极端脆弱区盐碱地温室气体的排放规律,阐明其影响因素及作用机理,从而为减轻气候变化影响下的中国温室气体减排提供理论依据。实验采用电导率为9.35 mS/cm和pH 8.38的极端盐渍土壤进行室内培养试验。...本研究旨在揭示不同农田管理方式下极端脆弱区盐碱地温室气体的排放规律,阐明其影响因素及作用机理,从而为减轻气候变化影响下的中国温室气体减排提供理论依据。实验采用电导率为9.35 mS/cm和pH 8.38的极端盐渍土壤进行室内培养试验。设置不同的温度梯度(15、25、35℃)、施氮肥水平(0、120、240 kg N/hm^(2))以及生物炭施用量(0、5、10 t/hm^(2)),所有处理均控制在田间持水量60%,培养周期为45 d。研究结果表明,增温与施用氮肥显著提高了CO_(2)和N_(2)O的排放量,而短期施用生物炭能够降低N_(2)O的排放。具体来看:(1)在相同温度和生物炭条件下,氮肥的施用显著增加了温室气体的排放量。当施氮量为120 kg N/hm^(2)时,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量分别是对照的2.02倍和1.28倍;而当施氮肥量提高到240 kg N/hm^(2)时,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量达到最大,分别是对照的2.22倍和1.64倍。(2)在相同温度和氮肥条件下,生物炭的施用显著降低了N_(2)O的排放。与未施用生物炭的对照相比,当生物炭施用量为5 t/hm^(2)时,N_(2)O的排放量减少了7%;而当生物炭施用量增至10 t/hm^(2)时,N_(2)O排放量进一步减少了13%。(3)温度对温室气体排放的影响也十分显著。与15℃相比,25℃条件下的CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量分别增加11.34 g C/kg和39.69 mg N/kg;而在35℃条件下,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量最大,分别增加了48.17 g C/kg和69.69 mg N/kg。综上所述,本研究表明,在极端盐碱地农田管理中,合理的温度控制、氮肥施用策略以及生物炭的使用对于调控温室气体排放具有重要意义。展开更多
水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)是研究陆地碳水循环耦合的一种常用度量指标。基于MODIS的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散发(ET)数据,通过Slope趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,研究了中亚WUE的时空变化规律及其对气候因子与干旱的动态响...水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)是研究陆地碳水循环耦合的一种常用度量指标。基于MODIS的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散发(ET)数据,通过Slope趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,研究了中亚WUE的时空变化规律及其对气候因子与干旱的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2000-2018年,中亚年均WUE随着生境湿润程度的增加而升高(生长期规律与此相反),其中湿地WUE最高(1.820±0.10 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2)),而灌丛WUE最低(1.330±0.18 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))。(2)中亚WUE呈略微下降趋势,每年下降速率为0.016 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2),年均WUE的显著下降区域大于上升区域。WUE对年降水和年气温的敏感性均表现为正值区大于负值区且均存在阈值效应,降水敏感性阈值介于250~300 mm(低值点)和500~550 mm(高值点),温度阈值介于3~6℃(高值点)和9~12℃(低值点),且εNDV(I WUE对NDVI敏感性系数)与降水变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。(3)通过WUE与标准化降水指数(SPEI)的相关性比较,发现WUE受干旱程度影响由大到小依次为灌丛、作物、森林、草原和湿地,且不同植被类型下WUE随着干旱程度的增加而升高。展开更多
植被净初级生产力(Net primary production,NPP)是陆地生态系统碳循环及能量流动的关键参数,表征生态系统质量状况。基于2001—2019年MOD13A1、MCD12Q1、TERRACLIMATE等数据,利用CASA模型,估算了近20 a来塔里木河下游生态输水条件下天...植被净初级生产力(Net primary production,NPP)是陆地生态系统碳循环及能量流动的关键参数,表征生态系统质量状况。基于2001—2019年MOD13A1、MCD12Q1、TERRACLIMATE等数据,利用CASA模型,估算了近20 a来塔里木河下游生态输水条件下天然植被NPP的时空变化趋势;通过Slope趋势分析和Person相关分析法,从时空分布、不同植被类型和不同累积输水量方面分析了生态输水工程对塔里木河下游天然植被生长状况的影响。结果表明:(1)在近20 a间,塔里木河下游天然植被NPP整体呈上升趋势,其中极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的31.93%(P<0.01)和11.49%(P<0.05),平均增速为0.40 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1)。(2)在横向上,塔里木河下游天然植被NPP随着与河道距离的增加而下降;纵向上,沿河道自上而下,天然植被NPP依次表现为:上段(28.21 g C·m^(2))>中段(18.70 g C·m^(2))>下段(13.55 g C·m^(2))。(3)对不同植被类型NPP而言,柽柳群落(57.37 g C·m^(2))>胡杨群落(29.29 g C·m^(2))>草本群落(23.23 g C·m^(2)),且柽柳群落在生态输水过程中NPP增幅也最大,增幅达350.20%。(4)地下水埋深和天然植被NPP均与累积3 a的生态输水量相关性显著,相关系数分别为:-0.70(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.01),年内总输水量与下一年地下水埋深相关性明显高于与当年地下水埋深的相关性;此外,随地下水埋深持续稳定回升,2010—2019年天然植被NPP与地下水埋深相关性也明显增强(R^(2)=0.62)。展开更多
水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)作为评价植物生长适宜度的综合指标之一,能很好地反映植被对生态输水的响应。通过Slope趋势分析、Pearson相关性分析及栅格时序合成等方法,利用CASA模型估算的净初级生产力(Net primary producti...水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)作为评价植物生长适宜度的综合指标之一,能很好地反映植被对生态输水的响应。通过Slope趋势分析、Pearson相关性分析及栅格时序合成等方法,利用CASA模型估算的净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)和SEBAL模型估算的实际蒸散发(ET),研究了塔里木河下游WUE的时空变化及其对生态输水的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2001—2018年,塔里木河下游WUE呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),但受NPP的影响大于ET(CorNPP=0.76>CorET=0.10),灌丛WUE(0.49 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))高于胡杨(0.30 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))及草本(0.24 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2));WUE空间变化规律为由河道向两侧及由西北向东南呈递减趋势,极显著上升面积占整个研究区的13.64%。(2)各植被WUE随着生态输水量的增加,呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),灌丛WUE平均每年上升幅度是胡杨和草本WUE上升幅度的15倍,表明灌丛WUE对生态输水的响应更为敏感;各植被WUE与生态输水量、输水持续时间均呈正相关,与输水开始时间呈负相关。年内输水次数与年内WUE、NPP及归一化植被指数(NDVI)呈正相关关系(WUE:Cor=0.407,NPP:Cor=0.605,NDVI:Cor=0.657)。(3)不同植被类型生长的最适温度有所差异,并与WUE、NPP及ET有着密切关系。胡杨年均最适温度25.62℃、灌丛27.07℃及草本23.22℃。在温度偏差值最小的时间(4—10月)进行最佳的水热组合将更有利于植被生长。(4)塔里木河下游年均WUE与地下水埋深呈较强的负相关关系(Cor=-0.81),其中草本及灌丛WUE与地下水埋深的相关性高于胡杨(|Cor草本及灌丛=-0.76|>|Cor胡杨=-0.46|);各植被年均WUE在地下水埋深4~6 m处存在峰值,超过6 m后,WUE均呈下降趋势。展开更多
Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-...Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter-annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.展开更多
The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method ...The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method in arid areas,although questions remain as to the degree of this estimation error and how different surface conditions may affect the estimation error.To address these issues,we evaluated the uncertainty of the PM method under different underlying conditions in an arid area of Northwest China by analyzing data from 84 meteorological stations and various Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)products,including land surface temperature and surface albedo.First,we found that when the PM method used air temperature to calculate the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,it significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration;the mean annual and July–August overestimation was 83.9 and 36.7 mm,respectively.Second,the PM method usually set the surface albedo to a fixed value,which led to the potential evapotranspiration being underestimated;the mean annual underestimation was 27.5 mm,while the overestimation for July to August was 5.3 mm.Third,the PM method significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration in the arid area.This difference in estimation was closely related to the underlying surface conditions.For the entire arid zone,the PM method overestimated the potential evapotranspiration by 33.7 mm per year,with an overestimation of 29.0 mm from July to August.The most significant overestimation was evident in the mountainous and plain nonvegetation areas,in which the annual mean overestimation reached 5%and 10%,respectively;during July,there was an estimation of 10%and 20%,respectively.Although the annual evapotranspiration of the plains with better vegetation coverage was slightly underestimated,overestimation still occurred in July and August,with a mean overestimation of approximately 5%.In order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the arid zone,it is important that we identify a reasonable parameter with which to calibrate the PM formula,such as the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,and the surface albedo.We recommend that some parameters must be corrected when using PM in order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in arid regions.展开更多
Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold islan...Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect （OCIE） intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change （LUCC） and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer （-9.08℃）, followed by autumn （-4.24℃） and spring （-3.85℃）. The total area of oasis cold island （OCI） and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer （reaching 1.14℃ to 2.08℃） and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.展开更多
文摘本研究旨在揭示不同农田管理方式下极端脆弱区盐碱地温室气体的排放规律,阐明其影响因素及作用机理,从而为减轻气候变化影响下的中国温室气体减排提供理论依据。实验采用电导率为9.35 mS/cm和pH 8.38的极端盐渍土壤进行室内培养试验。设置不同的温度梯度(15、25、35℃)、施氮肥水平(0、120、240 kg N/hm^(2))以及生物炭施用量(0、5、10 t/hm^(2)),所有处理均控制在田间持水量60%,培养周期为45 d。研究结果表明,增温与施用氮肥显著提高了CO_(2)和N_(2)O的排放量,而短期施用生物炭能够降低N_(2)O的排放。具体来看:(1)在相同温度和生物炭条件下,氮肥的施用显著增加了温室气体的排放量。当施氮量为120 kg N/hm^(2)时,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量分别是对照的2.02倍和1.28倍;而当施氮肥量提高到240 kg N/hm^(2)时,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量达到最大,分别是对照的2.22倍和1.64倍。(2)在相同温度和氮肥条件下,生物炭的施用显著降低了N_(2)O的排放。与未施用生物炭的对照相比,当生物炭施用量为5 t/hm^(2)时,N_(2)O的排放量减少了7%;而当生物炭施用量增至10 t/hm^(2)时,N_(2)O排放量进一步减少了13%。(3)温度对温室气体排放的影响也十分显著。与15℃相比,25℃条件下的CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量分别增加11.34 g C/kg和39.69 mg N/kg;而在35℃条件下,CO_(2)和N_(2)O累积排放量最大,分别增加了48.17 g C/kg和69.69 mg N/kg。综上所述,本研究表明,在极端盐碱地农田管理中,合理的温度控制、氮肥施用策略以及生物炭的使用对于调控温室气体排放具有重要意义。
文摘水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)是研究陆地碳水循环耦合的一种常用度量指标。基于MODIS的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散发(ET)数据,通过Slope趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,研究了中亚WUE的时空变化规律及其对气候因子与干旱的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2000-2018年,中亚年均WUE随着生境湿润程度的增加而升高(生长期规律与此相反),其中湿地WUE最高(1.820±0.10 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2)),而灌丛WUE最低(1.330±0.18 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))。(2)中亚WUE呈略微下降趋势,每年下降速率为0.016 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2),年均WUE的显著下降区域大于上升区域。WUE对年降水和年气温的敏感性均表现为正值区大于负值区且均存在阈值效应,降水敏感性阈值介于250~300 mm(低值点)和500~550 mm(高值点),温度阈值介于3~6℃(高值点)和9~12℃(低值点),且εNDV(I WUE对NDVI敏感性系数)与降水变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。(3)通过WUE与标准化降水指数(SPEI)的相关性比较,发现WUE受干旱程度影响由大到小依次为灌丛、作物、森林、草原和湿地,且不同植被类型下WUE随着干旱程度的增加而升高。
文摘植被净初级生产力(Net primary production,NPP)是陆地生态系统碳循环及能量流动的关键参数,表征生态系统质量状况。基于2001—2019年MOD13A1、MCD12Q1、TERRACLIMATE等数据,利用CASA模型,估算了近20 a来塔里木河下游生态输水条件下天然植被NPP的时空变化趋势;通过Slope趋势分析和Person相关分析法,从时空分布、不同植被类型和不同累积输水量方面分析了生态输水工程对塔里木河下游天然植被生长状况的影响。结果表明:(1)在近20 a间,塔里木河下游天然植被NPP整体呈上升趋势,其中极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的31.93%(P<0.01)和11.49%(P<0.05),平均增速为0.40 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1)。(2)在横向上,塔里木河下游天然植被NPP随着与河道距离的增加而下降;纵向上,沿河道自上而下,天然植被NPP依次表现为:上段(28.21 g C·m^(2))>中段(18.70 g C·m^(2))>下段(13.55 g C·m^(2))。(3)对不同植被类型NPP而言,柽柳群落(57.37 g C·m^(2))>胡杨群落(29.29 g C·m^(2))>草本群落(23.23 g C·m^(2)),且柽柳群落在生态输水过程中NPP增幅也最大,增幅达350.20%。(4)地下水埋深和天然植被NPP均与累积3 a的生态输水量相关性显著,相关系数分别为:-0.70(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.01),年内总输水量与下一年地下水埋深相关性明显高于与当年地下水埋深的相关性;此外,随地下水埋深持续稳定回升,2010—2019年天然植被NPP与地下水埋深相关性也明显增强(R^(2)=0.62)。
文摘水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)作为评价植物生长适宜度的综合指标之一,能很好地反映植被对生态输水的响应。通过Slope趋势分析、Pearson相关性分析及栅格时序合成等方法,利用CASA模型估算的净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)和SEBAL模型估算的实际蒸散发(ET),研究了塔里木河下游WUE的时空变化及其对生态输水的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2001—2018年,塔里木河下游WUE呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),但受NPP的影响大于ET(CorNPP=0.76>CorET=0.10),灌丛WUE(0.49 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))高于胡杨(0.30 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2))及草本(0.24 g C·mm^(-1)·m^(-2));WUE空间变化规律为由河道向两侧及由西北向东南呈递减趋势,极显著上升面积占整个研究区的13.64%。(2)各植被WUE随着生态输水量的增加,呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),灌丛WUE平均每年上升幅度是胡杨和草本WUE上升幅度的15倍,表明灌丛WUE对生态输水的响应更为敏感;各植被WUE与生态输水量、输水持续时间均呈正相关,与输水开始时间呈负相关。年内输水次数与年内WUE、NPP及归一化植被指数(NDVI)呈正相关关系(WUE:Cor=0.407,NPP:Cor=0.605,NDVI:Cor=0.657)。(3)不同植被类型生长的最适温度有所差异,并与WUE、NPP及ET有着密切关系。胡杨年均最适温度25.62℃、灌丛27.07℃及草本23.22℃。在温度偏差值最小的时间(4—10月)进行最佳的水热组合将更有利于植被生长。(4)塔里木河下游年均WUE与地下水埋深呈较强的负相关关系(Cor=-0.81),其中草本及灌丛WUE与地下水埋深的相关性高于胡杨(|Cor草本及灌丛=-0.76|>|Cor胡杨=-0.46|);各植被年均WUE在地下水埋深4~6 m处存在峰值,超过6 m后,WUE均呈下降趋势。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40671014Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.KZCX2-YW-127+1 种基金Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and De-sert Environment, CAS, No.200901-07Doctor Research Foundation of Xinjiang University, No.BS080131
文摘Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter-annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571109,41601600)
文摘The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method in arid areas,although questions remain as to the degree of this estimation error and how different surface conditions may affect the estimation error.To address these issues,we evaluated the uncertainty of the PM method under different underlying conditions in an arid area of Northwest China by analyzing data from 84 meteorological stations and various Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)products,including land surface temperature and surface albedo.First,we found that when the PM method used air temperature to calculate the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,it significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration;the mean annual and July–August overestimation was 83.9 and 36.7 mm,respectively.Second,the PM method usually set the surface albedo to a fixed value,which led to the potential evapotranspiration being underestimated;the mean annual underestimation was 27.5 mm,while the overestimation for July to August was 5.3 mm.Third,the PM method significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration in the arid area.This difference in estimation was closely related to the underlying surface conditions.For the entire arid zone,the PM method overestimated the potential evapotranspiration by 33.7 mm per year,with an overestimation of 29.0 mm from July to August.The most significant overestimation was evident in the mountainous and plain nonvegetation areas,in which the annual mean overestimation reached 5%and 10%,respectively;during July,there was an estimation of 10%and 20%,respectively.Although the annual evapotranspiration of the plains with better vegetation coverage was slightly underestimated,overestimation still occurred in July and August,with a mean overestimation of approximately 5%.In order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the arid zone,it is important that we identify a reasonable parameter with which to calibrate the PM formula,such as the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,and the surface albedo.We recommend that some parameters must be corrected when using PM in order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in arid regions.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571109)
文摘Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect （OCIE） intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change （LUCC） and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer （-9.08℃）, followed by autumn （-4.24℃） and spring （-3.85℃）. The total area of oasis cold island （OCI） and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer （reaching 1.14℃ to 2.08℃） and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.
