Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological disease characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While a definitive cure and optimal medication to impede disease progressio...Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological disease characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While a definitive cure and optimal medication to impede disease progression are currently unavailable, a plethora of studies have highlighted the potential advantages of exercise rehabilitation for managing this condition. Those studies show that exercise rehabilitation can enhance cognitive function and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by AD. Therefore, exercise rehabilitation has been regarded as one of the most important strategies for managing patients with AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the currently available findings on exercise rehabilitation in patients with AD, with a focus on the exercise types which have shown efficacy when implemented alone or combined with other treatment methods, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these positive effects. Specifically, we explain how exercise may improve the brain microenvironment and neuronal plasticity. In conclusion, exercise is a cost-effective intervention to enhance cognitive performance and improve quality of life in patients with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, it can potentially become both a physical activity and a tailored intervention. This review may aid the development of more effective and individualized treatment strategies to address the challenges imposed by this debilitating disease, especially in low-and middle-income countries.展开更多
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells(OL-lineage cells)are a cell population that are crucial for mammalian central nervous system(CNS)myelination.OL-lineage cells go through developmental stages,initially differentiating int...Oligodendrocyte lineage cells(OL-lineage cells)are a cell population that are crucial for mammalian central nervous system(CNS)myelination.OL-lineage cells go through developmental stages,initially differentiating into oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs),before becoming immature oligodendrocytes,then mature oligodendrocytes(OLs).While the main function of cell lineage is in myelin formation,and increasing number of studies have turned to explore the immunological characteristics of these cells.Initially,these studies focused on discovering how OPCs and OLs are affected by the immune system,and then,how these immunological changes influence the myelination process.However,recent studies have uncovered another feature of OL-lineage cells in our immune systems.It would appear that OL-lineage cells also express immunological factors such as cytokines and chemokines in response to immune activation,and the expression of these factors changes under various pathologic conditions.Evidence suggests that OL-lineage cells actually modulate immune functions.Indeed,OL-lineage cells appear to play both"victim"and"agent"in the CNS which raises a number of questions.Here,we summarize immunologic changes in OL-lineage cells and their effects,as well as consider OL-lineage cell changes which influence immune cells under pathological conditions.We also describe some of the underlying mechanisms of these changes and their effects.Finally,we describe several studies which use OL-lineage cells as immunotherapeutic targets for demyelination diseases.展开更多
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system(CNS)that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma.OPCs could...Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system(CNS)that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma.OPCs could generate oligodendrocytes to participate in myelination.Recent advances have renewed our knowledge of OPC biology by discovering novel markers of oligodendroglial cells,the myelin-independent roles of OPCs,and the regulatory mechanism of OPC development.In this review,we will explore the updated knowledge on OPC identity,their multifaceted roles in the CNS in health and diseases,as well as the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in their developmental stages,which hopefully would contribute to a further understanding of OPCs and attract attention in the field of OPC biology.展开更多
Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders,triggering depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and neural circuits.Among various regions across...Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders,triggering depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and neural circuits.Among various regions across the brain,the lateral habenula(LHb)serves as a critical hub for processing aversive information during the dynamic process of stress accumulation,thus having been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.LHb neurons integrate aversive valence conveyed by distinct upstream inputs,many of which selectively innervate the medial part(LHbM)or lateral part(LHbL)of LHb.LHb subregions also separately assign aversive valence via dissociable projections to the downstream targets in the midbrain which provides feedback loops.Despite these strides,the spatiotemporal dynamics of LHb-centric neural circuits remain elusive during the progression of depression-like state under stress.In this review,we attempt to describe a framework in which LHb orchestrates aversive valence via the input-output specific neuronal architecture.Notably,a physiological form of Hebbian plasticity in LHb under multiple stressors has been unveiled to incubate neuronal hyperactivity in an input-specific manner,which causally encodes chronic stress experience and drives depression onset.Collectively,the recent progress and future efforts in elucidating LHb circuits shed light on early interventions and circuit-specific antidepressant therapies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81971309 (to CY),32170980 (to CY),82260272 (to DL)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,No.20192BAB205078 (to DL)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2022B1515020012 (to CY)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program,Nos.JCYJ20210324123212035 (to CY),RCYX202007141 14644167 (to CY),ZDSYS20220606100801003 (to CY)。
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological disease characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While a definitive cure and optimal medication to impede disease progression are currently unavailable, a plethora of studies have highlighted the potential advantages of exercise rehabilitation for managing this condition. Those studies show that exercise rehabilitation can enhance cognitive function and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by AD. Therefore, exercise rehabilitation has been regarded as one of the most important strategies for managing patients with AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the currently available findings on exercise rehabilitation in patients with AD, with a focus on the exercise types which have shown efficacy when implemented alone or combined with other treatment methods, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these positive effects. Specifically, we explain how exercise may improve the brain microenvironment and neuronal plasticity. In conclusion, exercise is a cost-effective intervention to enhance cognitive performance and improve quality of life in patients with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, it can potentially become both a physical activity and a tailored intervention. This review may aid the development of more effective and individualized treatment strategies to address the challenges imposed by this debilitating disease, especially in low-and middle-income countries.
基金This work was supported by research grants from Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Grants No.RCYX20200714114644167,JCYJ20190809161405495,and JCYJ20210324123212035)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.81971309,32170980,and 32070964)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grants No.2019A1515011333 and 2022B1515020012).
文摘Oligodendrocyte lineage cells(OL-lineage cells)are a cell population that are crucial for mammalian central nervous system(CNS)myelination.OL-lineage cells go through developmental stages,initially differentiating into oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs),before becoming immature oligodendrocytes,then mature oligodendrocytes(OLs).While the main function of cell lineage is in myelin formation,and increasing number of studies have turned to explore the immunological characteristics of these cells.Initially,these studies focused on discovering how OPCs and OLs are affected by the immune system,and then,how these immunological changes influence the myelination process.However,recent studies have uncovered another feature of OL-lineage cells in our immune systems.It would appear that OL-lineage cells also express immunological factors such as cytokines and chemokines in response to immune activation,and the expression of these factors changes under various pathologic conditions.Evidence suggests that OL-lineage cells actually modulate immune functions.Indeed,OL-lineage cells appear to play both"victim"and"agent"in the CNS which raises a number of questions.Here,we summarize immunologic changes in OL-lineage cells and their effects,as well as consider OL-lineage cell changes which influence immune cells under pathological conditions.We also describe some of the underlying mechanisms of these changes and their effects.Finally,we describe several studies which use OL-lineage cells as immunotherapeutic targets for demyelination diseases.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271034,32070964,81971309,32170980,and 32300791)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021ZD0201703)+4 种基金Chongqing Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (CSTB2023NSCQ-JQX0030)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022B1515020012,2021A1515110268,2023A1515010651)Shenzhen Medical Research Fund (A2303014)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20210324123212035,RCYX20200714114644167,ZDSYS20220606100801003,RCBS20210706092411028,and JCYJ20210324121214039)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research (ZDSYS20220606100801003).
文摘Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system(CNS)that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma.OPCs could generate oligodendrocytes to participate in myelination.Recent advances have renewed our knowledge of OPC biology by discovering novel markers of oligodendroglial cells,the myelin-independent roles of OPCs,and the regulatory mechanism of OPC development.In this review,we will explore the updated knowledge on OPC identity,their multifaceted roles in the CNS in health and diseases,as well as the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in their developmental stages,which hopefully would contribute to a further understanding of OPCs and attract attention in the field of OPC biology.
基金supported by the STI2030-Major Projects(No.2022ZD0211700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32371057,31922031,32071017,81971309,32170980,82201707,and 82200562)+6 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LDQ24C090001)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2023PT310-01)the CAS Youth Interdisciplinary Team(No.JCTD2022-11)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.BX20230319)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022B1515020012 and 2021A1515110121)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(No.2023B1212060018)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Nos.JCYJ20210324123212035,RCYX20200714114644167,ZDSYS20220606100801003,JCYJ20210324122809025,and JCYJ20230807110315031),China。
文摘Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders,triggering depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and neural circuits.Among various regions across the brain,the lateral habenula(LHb)serves as a critical hub for processing aversive information during the dynamic process of stress accumulation,thus having been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.LHb neurons integrate aversive valence conveyed by distinct upstream inputs,many of which selectively innervate the medial part(LHbM)or lateral part(LHbL)of LHb.LHb subregions also separately assign aversive valence via dissociable projections to the downstream targets in the midbrain which provides feedback loops.Despite these strides,the spatiotemporal dynamics of LHb-centric neural circuits remain elusive during the progression of depression-like state under stress.In this review,we attempt to describe a framework in which LHb orchestrates aversive valence via the input-output specific neuronal architecture.Notably,a physiological form of Hebbian plasticity in LHb under multiple stressors has been unveiled to incubate neuronal hyperactivity in an input-specific manner,which causally encodes chronic stress experience and drives depression onset.Collectively,the recent progress and future efforts in elucidating LHb circuits shed light on early interventions and circuit-specific antidepressant therapies.
