Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a significant healthcare challenge in Saudi Arabia, necessitating a structured approach to management and treatment. Recent consensus guidelines in Saudi Arabia emphasize a comprehen...Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a significant healthcare challenge in Saudi Arabia, necessitating a structured approach to management and treatment. Recent consensus guidelines in Saudi Arabia emphasize a comprehensive strategy for CKD management, tailored to local needs and healthcare resources. The guidelines advocate for early detection and stratified care to mitigate the progression of CKD and improve patient outcomes. Key recommendations include the routine assessment of albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for accurate diagnosis and staging of CKD. The consensus underscores the importance of utilizing updated tools like the CKD-EPI 2021 equation for eGFR calculation and incorporating cystatin C measurements for enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Management strategies focus on controlling underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, which are prevalent risk factors in the Saudi population. Personalized treatment plans are recommended, incorporating lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions including SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP 1 RA, and regular monitoring to manage CKD complications effectively. The guidelines also highlight the need for specialized care and referral pathways for advanced CKD stages, including the role of nephrologists in the comprehensive management of CKD patients. In addition, the consensus addresses the need for improving public awareness and education about CKD, emphasizing early screening and preventive measures, particularly in high-risk groups. The implementation of these guidelines aims to optimize CKD management across Saudi Arabia, reduce the burden of kidney disease, and enhance overall patient care in the region.展开更多
According to recent epidemiological data, chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) affect approximately 10% of the global population. Like many countries, CKD is a significant public health issue in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence...According to recent epidemiological data, chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) affect approximately 10% of the global population. Like many countries, CKD is a significant public health issue in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of CKD in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be around 4.5% of the adult population, with a higher prevalence in older age groups. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a class of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to their glucose-lowering effects, SGLT2i have been shown to have beneficial effects on kidney function in patients with or without T2DM. Therefore, a Saudi task force gathered to develop an explicit, evidence-based consensus on SGLT2i use in CKD Saudi patients. A panel of 14 experts made up a task force. An initial concept proposal was obtained. The proposal was divided into several topics discussed on 24 May 2023. A literature review was carried out. The literature search was completed on 3<sup>rd</sup> June 2023. A drafted report was distributed to the entire panel. Approval of the recommendations required consensus, defined as a majority approval (i.e. above 75%). The recommendations were revised to accommodate any differences of opinion until a consensus was reached. Recommendations were finally formulated on 21<sup>st</sup> June 2023. Subsequently, the panel reviewed and discussed the supporting rationale of the revised recommendations. This article presents these practical recommendations.展开更多
Elliptic curves(ECs)are deemed one of the most solid structures against modern computational attacks because of their small key size and high security.In many well-known cryptosystems,the substitution box(Sbox)is used...Elliptic curves(ECs)are deemed one of the most solid structures against modern computational attacks because of their small key size and high security.In many well-known cryptosystems,the substitution box(Sbox)is used as the only nonlinear portion of a security system.Recently,it has been shown that using dynamic S-boxes rather than static S-boxes increases the security of a cryptosystem.The conferred study also extends the practical application of ECs in designing the nonlinear components of block ciphers in symmetric key cryptography.In this study,instead of the Mordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the prime field,the Galois field has been engaged in constructing the S-boxes,the main nonlinear component of the block ciphers.Also,the proposed scheme uses the coordinates of MEC and the operation of the Galois field to generate a higher number of S-boxes with optimal nonlinearity,which increases the security of cryptosystems.The proposed S-boxes resilience against prominent algebraic and statistical attacks is evaluated to determine its potential to induce confusion and produce acceptable results compared to other schemes.Also,the majority logic criteria(MLC)are used to assess the new S-boxes usage in the image encryption application,and the outcomes indicate that they have significant cryptographic strength.展开更多
In the age of smartphones, people do most of their daily work using their smartphones due to significant improvement in smartphone technology. When comparing different platforms such as Windows, iOS, Android, and Blac...In the age of smartphones, people do most of their daily work using their smartphones due to significant improvement in smartphone technology. When comparing different platforms such as Windows, iOS, Android, and Blackberry, Android has captured the highest percentage of total market share [1]. Due to this tremendous growth, cybercriminals are encouraged to penetrate various mobile marketplaces with malicious applications. Most of these applications require device information permissions aiming to collect sensitive data without user’s consent. This paper investigates each element of system information permissions and illustrates how cybercriminals can harm users’ privacy. It presents some attack scenarios using READ_PHONE_STATE permission and the risks behind it. In addition, this paper refers to possible attacks that can be performed when additional permissions are combined with READ_PHONE_STATE permission. It also discusses a proposed solution to defeat these types of attacks.展开更多
Most of the millions of Android users worldwide use applications from the official Android market (Google Play store) and unregulated alternative markets to get more functionality from their devices. Many of these app...Most of the millions of Android users worldwide use applications from the official Android market (Google Play store) and unregulated alternative markets to get more functionality from their devices. Many of these applications transmit sensitive data stored on the device, either maliciously or accidentally, to outside networks. In this paper, we will study the ways that Android applications transmit data to outside servers and propose a user-friendly application, DroidData, to inform and protect the user from these security risks. We will use tools such as TaintDroid, AppIntent, and Securacy to propose an application that reveals what types of data are being transmitted from apps, the location to which the data is being transmitted, whether the data is being transmitted through a secure channel (such as HTTPS) and whether the user is aware that the information is being transmitted. The application will generate a report that allows the user to block the application that leaks sensitive information. In doing so, we will examine the importance, relevance, and prevalence of these Android Data security issues.展开更多
文摘Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a significant healthcare challenge in Saudi Arabia, necessitating a structured approach to management and treatment. Recent consensus guidelines in Saudi Arabia emphasize a comprehensive strategy for CKD management, tailored to local needs and healthcare resources. The guidelines advocate for early detection and stratified care to mitigate the progression of CKD and improve patient outcomes. Key recommendations include the routine assessment of albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for accurate diagnosis and staging of CKD. The consensus underscores the importance of utilizing updated tools like the CKD-EPI 2021 equation for eGFR calculation and incorporating cystatin C measurements for enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Management strategies focus on controlling underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, which are prevalent risk factors in the Saudi population. Personalized treatment plans are recommended, incorporating lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions including SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP 1 RA, and regular monitoring to manage CKD complications effectively. The guidelines also highlight the need for specialized care and referral pathways for advanced CKD stages, including the role of nephrologists in the comprehensive management of CKD patients. In addition, the consensus addresses the need for improving public awareness and education about CKD, emphasizing early screening and preventive measures, particularly in high-risk groups. The implementation of these guidelines aims to optimize CKD management across Saudi Arabia, reduce the burden of kidney disease, and enhance overall patient care in the region.
文摘According to recent epidemiological data, chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) affect approximately 10% of the global population. Like many countries, CKD is a significant public health issue in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of CKD in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be around 4.5% of the adult population, with a higher prevalence in older age groups. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a class of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to their glucose-lowering effects, SGLT2i have been shown to have beneficial effects on kidney function in patients with or without T2DM. Therefore, a Saudi task force gathered to develop an explicit, evidence-based consensus on SGLT2i use in CKD Saudi patients. A panel of 14 experts made up a task force. An initial concept proposal was obtained. The proposal was divided into several topics discussed on 24 May 2023. A literature review was carried out. The literature search was completed on 3<sup>rd</sup> June 2023. A drafted report was distributed to the entire panel. Approval of the recommendations required consensus, defined as a majority approval (i.e. above 75%). The recommendations were revised to accommodate any differences of opinion until a consensus was reached. Recommendations were finally formulated on 21<sup>st</sup> June 2023. Subsequently, the panel reviewed and discussed the supporting rationale of the revised recommendations. This article presents these practical recommendations.
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the research groups program under grant number R.G.P.2/109/43.
文摘Elliptic curves(ECs)are deemed one of the most solid structures against modern computational attacks because of their small key size and high security.In many well-known cryptosystems,the substitution box(Sbox)is used as the only nonlinear portion of a security system.Recently,it has been shown that using dynamic S-boxes rather than static S-boxes increases the security of a cryptosystem.The conferred study also extends the practical application of ECs in designing the nonlinear components of block ciphers in symmetric key cryptography.In this study,instead of the Mordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the prime field,the Galois field has been engaged in constructing the S-boxes,the main nonlinear component of the block ciphers.Also,the proposed scheme uses the coordinates of MEC and the operation of the Galois field to generate a higher number of S-boxes with optimal nonlinearity,which increases the security of cryptosystems.The proposed S-boxes resilience against prominent algebraic and statistical attacks is evaluated to determine its potential to induce confusion and produce acceptable results compared to other schemes.Also,the majority logic criteria(MLC)are used to assess the new S-boxes usage in the image encryption application,and the outcomes indicate that they have significant cryptographic strength.
文摘In the age of smartphones, people do most of their daily work using their smartphones due to significant improvement in smartphone technology. When comparing different platforms such as Windows, iOS, Android, and Blackberry, Android has captured the highest percentage of total market share [1]. Due to this tremendous growth, cybercriminals are encouraged to penetrate various mobile marketplaces with malicious applications. Most of these applications require device information permissions aiming to collect sensitive data without user’s consent. This paper investigates each element of system information permissions and illustrates how cybercriminals can harm users’ privacy. It presents some attack scenarios using READ_PHONE_STATE permission and the risks behind it. In addition, this paper refers to possible attacks that can be performed when additional permissions are combined with READ_PHONE_STATE permission. It also discusses a proposed solution to defeat these types of attacks.
文摘Most of the millions of Android users worldwide use applications from the official Android market (Google Play store) and unregulated alternative markets to get more functionality from their devices. Many of these applications transmit sensitive data stored on the device, either maliciously or accidentally, to outside networks. In this paper, we will study the ways that Android applications transmit data to outside servers and propose a user-friendly application, DroidData, to inform and protect the user from these security risks. We will use tools such as TaintDroid, AppIntent, and Securacy to propose an application that reveals what types of data are being transmitted from apps, the location to which the data is being transmitted, whether the data is being transmitted through a secure channel (such as HTTPS) and whether the user is aware that the information is being transmitted. The application will generate a report that allows the user to block the application that leaks sensitive information. In doing so, we will examine the importance, relevance, and prevalence of these Android Data security issues.
